The Eukaryotes What makes a eukaryote? Why are these infestations/infections important?

Fungi Algae Protozoa Helminths Arthropods

Fungi Mycology is the study of fungi. Fungal infections are increasing Are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic Chemoheterotrophs. Decomposers that are parasites of plants.

Fungi Characteristics Thallus consists of filaments called hyphae, a mass of hyphae is mycelium. Yeasts are unicellular fungi. Some yeast can change morphology are mold like at 25’C Classified according to the sexual structure that is formed. Grow in acidic, low moisture aerobic environments. Can metabolize complex carbs.

Unicellular fungi Fission yeasts divide symmetrically Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically Yeasts Figure 12.3

Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C Dimorphism Figure 12.4

Figure 12.2 Molds The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium.

Figure 12.1 Vegetative Growth

Figure 12.5a Asexual Reproduction Conidia or conidiospores

Figure 12.5b Asexual Reproduction Arthroconidia

Figure 12.5c Asexual Reproduction Blastoconidia

Figure 12.5d Asexual Reproduction Chlamydoconidia

Figure 12.5e Asexual Reproduction Sporangiospores

Sexual Reproduction Three phases: –Plasmogamy: Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–) –Karyogamy: + and – nuclei fuse –Meiosis: Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

Figure 12.6 Sexual Spores Zygospore: Fusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore

Figure 12.7 Sexual Spores Ascospore: Formed in a sac (ascus).

Figure 12.8 Sexual Spores Basidiospore: Formed externally on a pedestal (basidium)

Some Fungal Diseases Systemic mycoses are infections within the body may affect many organ systems. Subcutaneous under skin. Cutaenous is in skin nails and hair ect. Superficial mycoses on only exterior parts. Opportunistic: aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus, Candidiasis Candida

Economic Effects of Fungi. Many are used for production of food and beverages. Biological control of pests. Mold spoilage of fruits grains and vegetables. Diseases in plants. Infections in fuel lines fungal mats. Degradation of cellulose materials.

Treatments of Fungal Infections Amphotericin B destroys membrane used on Systemic fungal infections. Griseofulvin (inhibit mitotic microtubules) on many skin fungi. Tolnaftate (Athletes foot) Can you think of any others?

Lichens Mutualistic combination of alga and fungus. One is photosynthetic, on is the holdfast absorber. Colonize habitats that are unsuitable for either the alga or the fungus alone. Used for pigments and air quality indicators.

Algae Unicellular filamentous are Multicellular. Most algae live in aquatic environments.

Characteristics Eukaryotic photoautotrophs. Thallus or body is stipe, holdfast and blades. Reproduce sexually and asexually by fragmentation. Most reproduce sexually. Photoautrophs that produce oxygen. Classified by structure and pigments.

Characterized by color Brown algae (kelp) Red algae grow at deeper levels. Green algae similar to plants. Diatoms unicellular produce neurotoxins. Dinoflagellates also cause neurotoxins.

Role in Nature Primary producers in aquatic food chains. Produce most of molecular oxygen Much of our petroleum is fossil remains of plankton. Many unicellular algae are symbionts in animals.

Protozoa Are unicellular eukaryotic Chemoheterotrophs. Found in soil, water and as normal microbiota

Some that cause disease. Archaezoa lack mitochondria and have flagella. Trichomonas and Giardia Microsporidia lack mitochondria and microtubules cause diarrhea in AIDS patients Rhizopodia are amoeba, include Entamoeba and Acanthamoeba

More Disease Apicomplexa can penetrate host tissue include Plasmodium and Cryptosporidium Ciliophora move by means of cilia Balantidium coli is a human parasitic ciliate Euglenozoa move by means of flagella and lack sexual reproduction include Trypanosoma

KingdomProtist Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph MulticellularityNone Cellular ArrangementUnicellular Food Acquisition Method Absorptive; ingestive Characteristic Features Motility; some form cysts Embryo FormationNone Protozoa

Characteristics of Protozoa Vegetative form is a trophozoite Asexual reproduction is by fission, budding, or schizogony Sexual reproduction by conjugation Some produce cysts

Medically Important Phyla of Protozoa Archaezoa Microspora Amoebozoa Apicomplexa Ciliophora Euglenozoa

Figure 12.16b Archaezoa No mitochondria Multiple flagella Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage)

Figure 12.16c, d Archaezoa

Microspora No mitochondria Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Nosema

Figure 12.17a Amoebozoa Move by pseudopods Entamoeba Acanthamoeba

Apicomplexa Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Complex life cycles Plasmodium Babesia Cryptosporidium Cyclospora

Figure The Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax

Clinical Focus, p. 355 Cryptosporidium

Clinical Focus, p. 355 Cryptosporidium

Figure Ciliates Move by cilia Complex cells Balantidium coli is the only human parasite

Figure Euglenozoa Move by flagella Euglenoids –Photoautotrophs

Figure Euglenozoa Move by flagella Hemoflagellates –Trypanosoma spp. Sleeping sickness Chagas’ disease

Move by flagella Photoautotrophs –Euglenoids Chemoheterotrophs –Naegleria Flagellated and amoeboid forms, meningoencephalitis –Trypanosoma Undulating membrane, transmitted by vectors –Leishmania Flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form in vertebrate host Euglenozoa

Slime Molds Not obvious pathogens. Cellular slime molds resemble amoebas and ingest bacteria by phagocytosis. Plasmodial slime molds consist of multinucleated mass of protoplasm that engulfs organic debris and bacteria as it moves. All can produce large fruiting bodies.

Helminths Parasitic flatworms belong to the Phylum Platyhelminthes. Parasitic roundworms belong to the Phylum Nematoda

Characteristics of Helminths Are Multicellular animals, few are parasites. Parasites have modified life cycles –Only the adult is found in the definitive host. –Larval stage requires an intermediate host. Can be monoecious or dioecious

Platyhelminths Flatworms, lack a digestive system obtain food by absorption across the outer surface. Flukes and trematodes have suckers that help them attach and feed on host tissue. Cestode or tapeworm consists of scolex and proglottids.

Humans –Definitive host for beef tapeworm (cattle are intermediate) –Human definitive and intermediate host for pork tapeworm. –Intermediate for Echinococcus granulosus the definitive hosts are dogs, wolves and foxes.

Cestodes Figure 12.27

Nematodes Roundworms have a complete digestive system. Infect humans with their eggs are Enterobius vermicularis pinworm and Ascaris lumbricoides Trichinella spiralis Necator americanus (hookworm)

Arthropods Jointed legged animals, including ticks and insects belong to the Phylum Arthropoda Ones that carry disease are called vectors Can eliminate disease be eliminating vectors.

Antiprotozoan Drugs –Chloroquine inhibits DNA synthesis, Malaria –Metronidazole, damages DNA, Entamoeba, Trichomonas Antihelminthic Drugs –Niclosamide, prevents ATP generation in mitochondria, Tapeworm infections.