What is attachment? An emotional bond to another person. A “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.” (Bowlby)

Attachment Theory The earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continue through life. Mothers who are available and responsive to their infant’s needs establish a sense of security in their children.

When the child feels threatened or afraid, he or she can return to the caregiver for comfort and soothing. When the adult leaves, the child may be upset but he or she feels assured that the parent or caregiver will return.

Problems with Attachment Failure to form secure attachments early in life can have a negative impact on behavior in later childhood and throughout life. Children diagnosed with Oppositional- Defiant Disorder (ODD) or PTSD frequently display attachment problems due to early abuse, neglect, or trauma.

Binge-Eating Disorder A serious eating disorder in which you frequently consume unusually large amounts of food. Although it is the most common of all eating disorders, it is still not considered a distinct psychiatric condition.

People with Binge-Eating Disorder may be deeply embarrassed by their weight and vow to stop however feel such a compulsion that they can’t resist the urges and continue binge eating.

Psychological Issues Binge Eating Disorder may also lead to depression, or substance abuse. Binge eaters may have trouble coping with stressful situations, anger, sadness, boredom, and worry.

Complications Suicidal thoughts Obesity Type II diabetes Heart disease Premature death

Mental Retardation (MR) About 2% of the population has an IQ below 70. According to the APA about half has mental retardation. Those with MR are classified as having mild, moderate, severe, or profound retardation.

What causes MR? Hundreds of factors can contribute including, genetics (down syndrome caused by extra chromosome), and problems during pregnancy or childbirth.

Degrees of MR Mild –IQ between 50 – 69 –85% of people with MR –Up to 6 th grade level. –Can live independently with assistance. Moderate –IQ –10% of people with MR –Up to 2 nd grade level. –Need assistance

Severe –IQ –3 – 4 % of cases –Can learn to talk and perform simple work but extremely limited Profound –IQ below 20 –1-2% of cases –Require constant aid and supervision