Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Civilization: India 3

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Civilization: India I.The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period II.Patterns in Classical India III.Political Institutions IV.Religion and Culture V.Economy and Society VI.Indian Influence and Comparative Features

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Civilization: India

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period Period of Aryan Incursions –Buddhists and brahmans shape society –Gupta dynasty emerges –Peak of artistic, intellectual achievement –Distinct from Chinese developments

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Formative influences –Geography  Open to influences from the Middle East Alexander the Great  Himalayas Isolating, but passable Mountainous northern areas Deccan  Semitropical climate Monsoon rains The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Great Epics –Aryans  Indo-European pastoralists  Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran from 2000s B.C.E. –Sanskrit epics of the Vedic Age  Rig-Veda 1028 hymns –Epic Age, B.C.E.  Mahabharata, Ramayana  The Upanishads The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Society and Religion in the Vedic and Epic Ages ( and B.C.E. ) –Caste system  Varnas Warriors, brahmans, traders and farmers, laborers Untouchables added later Brahmans replace warriors at the top during the Epic Age –Religion elaborated  Upanishads record developments The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns in Classical India End of formative era, c.600 B.C.E. –From c. 600 to c. 300 B.C.E. plains divided among rulers –Sixteen major states –327 B.C.E., Alexander the Great

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns in Classical India The Mauryan Dynasty –Chandragupta Maurya, 322 B.C.E.  Autocratic rule –Ashoka ( B.C.E.)  Grandson of Chandragupta  Conversion to Buddhism Becomes pacific, vegetarian Infrastructure: roads, hospitals, inns  Opposed by Brahmins –Kushans follow end of Mauryan rule

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert India at the Time of Ashoka

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns in Classical India The Guptas –Collapse of Kushan state by 220 C.E.  Autocratic rule –Guptas  From 320 C.E.  Long period of stable rule  Overthrown by Huns in 535 C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Gupta Empire

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Political Institutions Consistent tradition of regionalism –Attempts to hold large areas  Mauryan rulers rely on armies  Guptas create taxation system, claim divine sanction –In general simple political culture  Kautilya is an exception Chandragupta’s chief minister Treatise on politics

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Political Institutions Social organization –Caste system becomes more rigid –Yet social mobility existed –Rulers could rise from lower castes –No slavery

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Hinduism –Origins in Vedic and Epic Eras –No single founder, develops gradually –Fluid, adaptable –Brahmans  Develop abstract aspects of gods  Upanishads  Tension between ritual and spirituality  Brahmans versus gurus

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Hinduism (cont’d) –Brahma – holy essence –Different paths for a good life  Yoga  Brahmans’ ritual  Personal devotion –Dharma  Moral law  Not prescriptive

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Buddhism –Siddhartha Gautama, born c. 563 B.C.E.  Takes to wandering life, asceticism –Four Noble Truths –Escape suffering by renouncing worldly things  Achievement of nirvana –Spread through work of monks  Conversion of Ashoka  Opposed by brahmans Religion and Culture

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Arts and Sciences –Literature  Strong traditions of storytelling  Drama –University center under Guptas  Some borrowing from Greeks –Aryabhatta

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Arts and Sciences (cont’d) –Mathematics  Originated “Arabic” system, including zero  Negative numbers, square roots –Architecture – stupas –Lively murals

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy and Society Society –Caste system influences many aspects of life –Status of women diminishes –Yet, stress on loving relationships –Children indulged in early years

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy –Strong manufacturing  Textiles  Steel  Guilds, selling from shops –Trade  Greater status than in China  Trade with East Asia, Middle East, Roman Empire, Southeast Asia Economy and Society

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Indian Influence and Comparative Features Influence –Indian Ocean a hub for contacts –Buddhism carried to China –Influence on Greeks and Romans

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Indian Influence and Comparative Features China and India Compared –Chinese restraint versus Indian sensuality –Sciences  Chinese prefer the practical  Indians interested in mathematics –Popular worldviews  Hindu peasants had more local control  Indian merchants more important

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: India and the Wider World Open to influence –Buddhism, spread both east and west – India especially influential in southeast Asia –Most open among classical civilizations

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Eurasian and African Trading Goods and Routes