Ambiguities in representing thesauri using extended SKOS Examples from real life Jutta Lindenthal TPDL – – NKOS workshop

Concept hierarchies Node labels labelling arrays of sibling concepts formed by characteristics of division representing concepts not used for indexing representing classification/like elements Concept groups fields, themes, subject areas, miro-thesauri: classification-like structures for display and browsing Presentation overview

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder... doctor grandam heart lung liver kidneystomach gut Pussy

all mammals some HierarchicalRelationship (Generic) Concept hierarchy – All-and-some-test

all pets some HierarchicalRelationship (Generic) Concept hierarchy – All-and-some-test

all biology some HierarchicalRelationship (Generic) Concept hierarchy – All-and-some-test

vertebrates animals all mammals some HierarchicalRelationship (Generic) Concept hierarchy – transitive closure transitive closure

Source: Art & Architecture ThesaurusArt & Architecture Thesaurus Concept hierarchy, thesaurus array and concept group a Generic Hierarchy 25.3 Spezific zoology Source: Gemeinsame NormdateiGemeinsame Normdatei ConceptGroup cats. (cats by degree of domestication).. wild cats.. semi-feral cats.. domestic cats. (cats by usage).. laboratory cats.. pet cats ThesaurusArrays array node label

ThesaurusArrays and NodeLabels according to ISO iso-thes: ThesaurusArray (cats by degree of domestication) skos:member skos:narrower skos:member iso-thes: ThesaurusArray (cats by usage) skos:Concept domestic cats skos:narrower iso-thes:subordinateArray skos:Concept cats iso-thes:subordinateArray skos:member skos:narrower skos:Concept semi-feral cats skos:Concept wild cats skos:Concept laboratory cats skos:Concept pet cats

Source: Alibaba.comAlibaba.com Source: AGROVOC fertilizers (by type of plant nutrient) Calcium fertilizers Magnesium fertilizers (by amount needed by plants) Micronutrient fertilizers (by number of plant nutrients) Compound fertilizers Fertilizer combinations (by substance group) Inorganic fertilizers Organic fertilizers Organomineral fertilizers (by aggregate state) Liquid fertilizers Liquid gas fertilizers (by nutrient release time) Slow release fertilizers

iso-thes: ThesaurusArray iso-thes:subordinateArray skos:member skos:narrower skos:Concept barbers´ chairs skos:member Art & Architecture Thesaurus chairs (furniture forms).. armchairs ax chairs.. barbers´ chairs bedchairs.. folding chairs reclining chairs iso-thes: ThesaurusArray skos:Concept armchairs skos:Concept folding chairs skos:narrower iso-thes:subordinateArray skos:Concept chairs (furniture forms) Guide Terms in the AAT Thesaurus (1)

iso-thes: subordinateArray skos:narrower skos:Concept highchairs (children´s chairs) skos:member Art & Architecture Thesaurus chairs (furniture forms) barbers´ chairs.... bedchairs highchairs (children's chairs) carriage chairs iso-thes: ThesaurusArray skos:Concept carriage chairs skos:Concept chairs (furniture forms) iso-thes: ThesaurusArray skos:member Guide Terms in the AAT Thesaurus (2)

iso-thes: subordinateArray skos:narrower skos:Concept highchairs (children´s chairs) skos:member Art & Architecture Thesaurus chairs (furniture forms) barbers´ chairs.... bedchairs highchairs (children's chairs) carriage chairs iso-thes: ThesaurusArray skos:Concept carriage chairs skos:Concept chairs (furniture forms) skos:Concept NonIndexingConcept skos:narrower Guide Terms in the AAT Thesaurus (3)

skos-ext: NonIndexingConcept skos:narrower Thesaurus Ethics in the Life Sciences iso-thes: ConceptGroup Biology skos:member skos:Concept anatomy skos:narrower iso-thes: subordinateArray skos:member skos:narrower skos:Concept animals iso-thes: ThesaurusArray organisms (node label) skos:Concept biology „Node Labels“ in the Bioethic Thesaurus (1)

skos:Concept biology Thesaurus Ethics in the Life Sciences skos:member skos:Concept anatomy skos:narrower iso-thes: ConceptGroup Biology skos:Concept NonIndexingConcept organisms (node label) skos:Concept animals skos:narrower „Node Labels“ in the Bioethic Thesaurus (2)

Thesaurus Ethics in the Life Sciences iso-thes: ConceptGroup Biology skos:member „Node Labels“ in the Bioethic Thesaurus (3)

Art & Architecture Thesaurus Facet, Hierarchy names and Guide Terms in the AAT Thesaurus Record Type facet hierarchy name guide term concept guide term concept guide term

Datierungsthesaurus „Stilepochen“ Node Labels („Stützterme“) in the „Stylistic Eras“ thesaurus Dating Stylistic Eras Byzantine art Early Middle Ages Romanesque art Gothic art

„Classification“ of the STW Thesaurus for Economics

Standard-Thesaurus Wirtschaft... „Classification“ of the STW Thesaurus for Economics

@base. a skos:Concept, zbwext:Thsys ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "Securities ; skos:notation "V "^^xsd:string ; skos:prefLabel "V Securities "V skos:broader ; [Financial Markets] skos:narrower,, [Bond Market] ; [Stock Market] skos:inScheme. Source: STW Thesaurus for EconomicsSTW Thesaurus for Economics „Classification“ groups of the STW Thesaurus for Economics

a iso-thes:ConceptGroup ; rdfs:label "Securities ; skos:notation "V "^^xsd:string ; skos:prefLabel "Securities iso-thes:subGroup ; skos:member, [alternative iso-thes:groupMember ], … ; skos:inScheme iso-thes:classificationOf. „Classification“ groups of the STW expressed in iso-thes

Hierarchies in SKOS skos:broader and skos:narrower are only used to assert a direct (i.e., immediate) hierarchical link between two SKOS concepts. are not declared as transitive properties. Source

Transitive Hierarchies in SKOS skos:broaderTransitive and skos:narrowerTransitive are provided to express both direct and indirect hierarchical links between concepts, for instance to improve search recall through query expansion. are not used to make assertions. are used to infer the transitive closure of the hierarchical links, which can then be used to access direct or indirect hierarchical links between concepts. Source

Descriptor display of German Parliament Thesaurus PARTHES

Thesaurus für Parlamentsmaterialien PARTHES Systematic display of German Parliament Thesaurus PARTHES

Hierarchical display of German Parliament Thesaurus PARTHES Thesaurus für Parlamentsmaterialien PARTHES

Datierungsthesaurus „Stilepochen“

GEMET: Classification Scheme – Supergroups and Groups Groups List EIONET GEMET Thesaurus

GEMET: Classification Scheme – Themes Themes list

GEMET: Classification Scheme – Supergroups and Groups Groups List EIONET GEMET Thesaurus

iso-thes:ConceptGroup SOCIAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY MEASURES iso-thes:superGroupOf gemetThesaurus gemetThesaurus iso-thes:subGroup identifier iso-thes:ConceptGroup HEALTH, NUTRITION iso-thes:groupOf gemetThesaurus gemetThesaurus identifier EIONET Gemet Thesaurus Gemet Groups List Gemet: Supergroups and Groups

skos:member iso-thes:ConceptGroup HEALTH, NUTRITION iso-thes:groupOf GemetThesaurus EIONET Gemet Thesaurus skos:Concept mutagen iso-thes:ConceptGroup chemistry iso-thes:themeOf GemetThesaurus iso-thes:ConceptGroup human health iso-thes:themeOf GemetThesaurus iso-thes:ConceptGroup pollution iso-thes:themeOf GemetThesaurus skos:member Gemet: Groups and Themes

Bioethics Thesaurus: Multiple Subject Areas

Eurovoc-Structure EuroVoc: Fields and micro-thesauri

UKAT Thesaurus UKAT: Fields and micro-thesauri

ELSST: Top Terms ELSST European Language Social Science Thesaurus

skos:Concept gnd: iso-thes: SimpleNonPreferredTerm children iso-thes: SimpleNonPreferredTerm Kindheit iso-thes: PreferredTerm Kind Example: Equivalence multilingual (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) iso-thes: SimpleNonPreferredTerm childhood iso-thes: SimpleNonPreferredTerm Kinder iso-thes: SimpleNonPreferredTerm children

skos:broader can have sub-property gnd:broaderTermPartitive Thesaurus Concept (2/3) HierarchicalRelationship + Role (Deutsche National Bibliothek) skos:broader can have sub-property gnd:broaderTermInstantial skos:Concept Sprache skos:Concept Bantoid skos:Concept Safwa-Sprache skos:Concept Außereuropäische Sprachen skos:Concept Bantusprachen skos:broader can have sub-property gnd:broaderTermPartitive -part of Afrikanische Sprachen -part-of Benue-Kongo-Sprachen -part of Niger-Kongo-Sprachen -part of Nigerkordofanische Sprachen skos:broader can have sub-property gnd:broaderTermPartitive skos:broaderTransitive ISSUE: skos:broaderTransitive does not capture different semantics of (e.g.) BTP and BTI