1. 06.12.04 updated 27.12.06CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 1 CmpE 583- Web Semantics: Theory and Practice ONTOLOGY INTEGRATION Atilla ELÇİ Computer Engineering Department Eastern Mediterranean University

2. 06.12.04 Rev. 16 Dec 2008 CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 2 Introduction SW data come associated with its ontology Combining data from different sources requires integration of their corresponding ontologies Integration of ontologies necessitates finding out terms that are “same”, “like”, and “different” in the ontologies to be integrated. Formation of the resultant ontology using a graphical, OWL, and other languages is required.

3. 06.12.04 updated 27.12.06 CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 3 Agenda Taxonomy Ontology Integrating ontologies.

4. 06.12.04 Rev. Dec. 16, 2008 CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 4 Overview of Taxonomies [Smith et al] The study of the general principles of scientific classification: SYSTEMATICS OF CLASSIFICATION; especially: orderly classification of plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships [Merriam-Webster OnLine: http://www.m-w.com/]http://www.m-w.com/ For a detailed account: submit “taxonomy” at MW Rosetta Edition at A. Elçi’s home page.A. Elçi’s home page “The classification of information entities in the form of a hierarchy, according to the presumed relationships of the real- world entities that they represent” Class structure:  A simple taxonomy: Ref. Figure 7.1Figure 7.1 Generalization vs. specialization: Ref. Figure 7.2Figure 7.2 Tabular vs. tree forms: Ref. Table 7.1 and Figure 7.4.Table 7.1Figure 7.4

5. 06.12.04 updated 27.12.06 CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 5 Use of Taxonomies Examples:  Table 7.2: The Dewey Decimal System: A Taxonomy Table 7.2  Table 7.3: The Dewey Decimal System: 500 Natural Sciences and Mathematics. Table 7.3

6. 06.12.04 updated 27.12.06 CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 6 Ontology Spectrum The following concepts all attempt to address issues in representing, classifying, and disambiguating semantic content (meaning): taxonomies, thesauri, conceptual models, and logical theories. Figure 7.5: The ontology spectrum: Weak to strong semantics. Figure 7.5 Taxonomy: part-of, subclass-of relationship Thesaurus: equivalence, homographic, hierarchical, and associative relationships (Table 7.4).Table 7.4 Logical theory: A set of axioms, inference rules, and theorems. In a logical theory, one can express the semantics of a model to the highest degree possible.

7. 06.12.04 updated 27.12.06 CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 7 Ontology Spectrum (continued) Ontology: “An ontology defines the common words and concepts (meanings) used to describe and represent an area of knowledge, and so standardizes the meanings”. An ontology includes the following:  Classes (general things) in the many domains of interest  Instances (particular things)  Relationships among those things  Properties (and property values) of those things  Functions of and processes involving those things  Constraints on and rules involving those things.

8. 06.12.04 Rev 22/12/08 CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 8 Ontology Integration (in passing) Data/Ontology Integration Systems [Baojie-a] :  Mostly DB integration cases. Bibliography on Ontology integration [Baojie-b]. Appears more like a wizardry at this time.

9. 06.12.04 updated 27.12.06 CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 9 Ontology Integration: Methods Probabilistic ontology mapping with explicit info:  Sushama Prasad et al., "A Tool For Mapping Between Two Ontologies Using Explicit Information", InProceedings, AAMAS 2002 Workshop on Ontologies and Agent Systems, July 2002."A Tool For Mapping Between Two Ontologies Using Explicit Information" Context brokerage:  Harry Chen et al., "Semantic Web in in the Context Broker Architecture", InProceedings, Proceedings of PerCom 2004, March 2004."Semantic Web in in the Context Broker Architecture" Smart environment:  Harry Chen et al., "Intelligent Agents Meet the Semantic Web in Smart Spaces", Article, IEEE Internet Computing, November 2004."Intelligent Agents Meet the Semantic Web in Smart Spaces" Ontology ranking:  Li Ding et al., "Swoogle: A Search and Metadata Engine for the Semantic Web", InProceedings, Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, November 2004."Swoogle: A Search and Metadata Engine for the Semantic Web" Graphical methods:  tba. Summary of Combining and Relating Ontologies:  Article by M. Klein [Klein].

10. 06.12.04 updated 27.12.06 CmpE 583 Fall 2008 Ontology Integration- 10 Where to Get More Information? [Smith et al] Chapter 7 - Undstanding Taxonomies. In The Semantic Web: A Guide to the Future of XML, Web Services, and Knowledge Management, 1st edition, by Kevin T. Smith, Michael C. Daconta, Leo J. Obrst. John Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN:0471432571. Available as e- book at ACM Professional Development Center.Chapter 7 The Semantic WebACM Professional Development Center [Baojie-a] Data/Ontology Integration SystemsData/Ontology Integration Systems [Baojie-b] Bibliography on Ontology integrationBibliography on Ontology integration [Klein] M. Klein, “Combining and Relating Ontologies: an Analysis of Problems and Solutions”, In Proc. The 17th Int’l Joint Conf. On Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-01), Workshop on Ontologies and Information Sharing, Vol. 47, pp:53-62, Seattle, WA, USA, August 2001.