Disorders of the respiratory system 2

Bronchitis is an obstructive respiratory disease that may occur in both acute and chronic forms. Acute bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial passages most commonly caused by infection with bacteria or viruses. Acute bronchitis is generally a self-limiting condition in healthy individuals but can have much more severe consequences in individuals who are weakened with other illness or who are immunocompromised. Obstructive Respiratory Disorders Bronchitis

Symptoms of acute bronchitis often include productive cough, Dyspnea and possible fever. Chronic bronchitis: Chronic bronchitis is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that is most frequently associated with cigarette smoking (approximately 90% of cases). Chronic bronchitis may also be caused by prolonged exposure to inhaled particulates such as coal dust or other pollutants.

The disease is characterized by excess mucus production in the lower respiratory tract. This mucus accumulation can impair function of the ciliated epithelium and lining of the respiratory tract and prevent the clearing of debris and organisms. As a result, patients with chronic bronchitis often suffer repeated bouts of acute respiratory infection. Chronic bronchitis sufferers are often referred to as “blue bloaters” as a result of the cyanosis and peripheral edema that is often present. Obstructive Respiratory Disorders Bronchitis

Manifestations of chronic bronchitis: Productive, chronic cough Production of purulent sputum Frequent acute respiratory infections Dyspnea Hypoxia, cyanosis Symptoms of cor pulmonale Fluid accumulation (edema) in later stages Obstructive Respiratory Disorders Bronchitis

Emphysema is a respiratory disease that is characterized by destruction and permanent enlargement of terminal bronchioles and alveolar air sacs Obstructive Respiratory Disorders Emphysema

Well over 95% of all patients with emphysema were chronic cigarette smokers. Although the exact etiology of emphysema is still uncertain, Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke causes chronic inflammation of the alveolar airways, which results in infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages. Excess release of protease enzymes such as trypsin from lung tissues and leukocytes can digest and destroy the elastic walls of the alveoli. Obstructive Respiratory Disorders Emphysema

Levels of a protective enzyme α -1-antitrypsin have been shown to be lacking in certain individuals who are chronic cigarette smokers. This enzyme inactivates destructive protease enzymes (trypsin) in lung tissue. In fact, a rare form of emphysema occurs in individuals who are not cigarette smokers but who have a genetic lack of α -1- antitrypsin.

Mainly caused by: Loss of alveolar (lung) elasticity and a decrease in the overall surface area for gas exchange within the lungs. Manifestations include the following:  Tachypnea (increased respiratory rate): Because that is effective in maintaining arterial blood gases, one does not usually see hypoxia or cyanosis until the end stages of the disease.  Barrel chest from prolonged expiration.  Lack of purulent sputum.  Possible long-term consequences, including cor pulmonale, respiratory failure. Obstructive Respiratory Disorders Emphysema

Chronic bronchitisEmphysema Mild DyspneaDyspnea that may be severe Productive coughDry or no cough Cyanosis commonCyanosis rare Respiratory infection commonInfrequent infections Onset usually after 40 years of ageOnset usually after 50 years of age History of cigarette smoking Cor pulmonale commonCor pulmonale in terminal stages Comparison of Symptoms for Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema Obstructive Respiratory Disorders Emphysema

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders Pneumothorax oPoPneumothorax is the entry of air into the pleural cavity in which the lungs reside.

Atelectasis is a condition in which there is incomplete expansion of lung tissues due to blockage of the airways or compression of the alveolar sacs. Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders Atelectasis

It is a condition that results from prolonged injury or inflammation of respiratory airways and bronchioles. Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders Bronchiectasis

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ARDS is a syndrome associated with destruction of alveolar membranes and their related capillaries. It may occur as a result of direct injury to the lungs or as a result of dramatic decreases in blood flow to the lung (“shock lung”.

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn The etiology of newborn respiratory distress syndrome differs considerably from that of the adult disorder. Respiratory distress in the newborn is most commonly caused by a lack of surfactant in the lungs.

Respiratory Failure Respiratory failure is a condition that results when the lungs are no longer able to oxygenate the blood sufficiently or remove CO 2 from it. It may occur as:  the end result of chronic respiratory diseases, or it may be an acute event caused by factors such as pneumothorax or Opioid drug overdose