There are so many career opportunities in the field of Biology. Anatomy & Physiology will help you get there!

Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

I.Introduction A.Early ancestors were concerned about injuries and illnesses – treated them with superstitions, magic, & potions B.Later, cadavers (dissected human bodies) were examined for cause of death and studied C.Greek & Latin terms were coined to name body parts, describe locations, and explain functions and interactions Pg. 2

II. Anatomy and Physiology (A & P) Anatomy – branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts, their forms and organization Physiology – branch of science that is concerned with the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it

III.Levels of Organization III.Levels of Organization – all materials of the body are made of chemicals, which consist of: A.Atoms – microscopic particles B.Molecules – atoms joined together C.Macromolecules – molecules that join together to make larger molecules D.Organelles – small parts of a cell & made of macromolecules E.Cell 1.made up of organelles 2.are the basic unit of structure and function (the what & why) 3.vary in size, shape, & function 4.are microscopic

F.Tissue – cells organized into layers G.Organ – group of interacting tissues H.Organ System – group of organs that function closely together I.Organism – group of organ systems working together Pg. 4

IV.Characteristics of Life * These are known as METABOLISM: all the chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up Pg. 5

V.Maintaining Life A.Requirements 1.Water – for metabolism; transports substances, regulates body temp 2.Food – provides chemical energy & materials to build new matter 3.Oxygen – releases energy from food 4.Heat – product of metabolic reactions (more heat = faster reactions) 5.Pressure a.air pressure to get O 2 to lungs & CO 2 out b.blood pressure to pump blood through blood vessels

B. Homeostasis – tendency to maintain a stable internal environment with narrow limits, like a thermostat (negative feedback)

1. Shivering – muscular contractions produce heat when cold 2.Sweating – blood vessels in skin dilate, heat moves to surface & evaporates

Only a few positive feedback mechanisms exist:  blood clotting – chemicals in a clot promote more clotting  milk production – with more force/duration during nursing, more milk is produced  Childbirth – contractions to expel baby produce more contractions until the baby is out

VI.Organization of the Human Body VI.Organization of the Human Body (pgs 9-10) A.Body Cavities – spaces for organs

B.Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Membranes * Parietal membranes line a cavity * Visceral membranes cover organs 1.Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity 2.Visceral Pleura – covers lungs 3.Pleural Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral pleura Pg. 10

4.Parietal Pericardium – outer covering of heart 5.Visceral Pericardium – inner covering of heart 6.Pericardial Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral pericardium Pg. 10

7.Parietal Peritoneum – lines abdominopelvic cavity 8.Visceral Peritoneum – covers each organ of abdominopelvic cavity 9.Peritoneal Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral peritoneum Pg. 11

VII.Anatomical Terminology VII.Anatomical Terminology (see Lab 2) * Anatomical Position – body is standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward * Right & Left refer to the body in the anatomical position (as if it were your body) A.Relative Positions – one part is compared with another (book pg. 14)

1.Superior (cranial)Inferior (caudal) toward the headaway from the head 2.Anterior (ventral)Posterior (dorsal) toward the frontaway from the front 3.Lateral – sideMedial – midline 4.SuperficialDeep toward the surfaceaway from the surface 5.ProximalDistal toward the trunkaway from the trunk

B.Body Planes & Sections (pg. 15) 1.Cuts made on the sagittal / median plane OR coronal / frontal plane result in a longitudinal section (c) 2.Cuts made on the transverse / horizontal plane result in a cross section (a) or oblique section (b)

C.Body Regions (Pg. 17)

D.Abdominal Quadrants (Pg. 16)

Review your Anatomical Terminology! online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14904

Now, try your luck at organ placement! dy/index_interactivebody.shtml