CONTESTING HISTORY OPPOSING VOICES 7: Peasant Uprisings or Terror Campaign? Conflict in Rural Ireland,

Conflict in Rural Ireland, Post 1745: key questions of Catholic loyalty to the Crown and the repeal of Penal Laws Post 1745: key questions of Catholic loyalty to the Crown and the repeal of Penal Laws : Seven Years War : Seven Years War 1756: Formation of the Catholic Association 1756: Formation of the Catholic Association 1760: Formation of the Catholic Committee 1760: Formation of the Catholic Committee 1760s: Whiteboy (Buachaillí Bána) outbreaks in Munster – against enclosure, high rents for potato plots, & Tithes – oath-taking society 1760s: Whiteboy (Buachaillí Bána) outbreaks in Munster – against enclosure, high rents for potato plots, & Tithes – oath-taking society 1763: Oakboys in Ulster – against County Cess & Tithes 1763: Oakboys in Ulster – against County Cess & Tithes 1766: Fr Nicholas Sheehy executed 1766: Fr Nicholas Sheehy executed : Steelboys in Ulster : Steelboys in Ulster

Conflict in Rural Ireland, : American War of Independence 1778: Volunteers formed : start of the repeal of the Penal Laws 1784: outbreak of violence between Catholic and Protestant weavers in Armagh Triangle Protestant Peep-o-Day boys – raiding houses of Catholics Catholic Defenders 1780s: Rightboys - for Tithe reduction Peep-o-Day boys recruited by Protestant gentry into volunteers Defenderism became an underground secret society

Conflict in Rural Ireland, : French Revolution 1791: United Irishmen formed 1795: Orange Order founded 1798: Rebellion General causes: General causes: Economic: rising population, land shortage, growing poverty – agrarian discontent Economic: rising population, land shortage, growing poverty – agrarian discontent Political: disaffected local elites, disgruntled Catholics at failure to pursue reform to its full extent Political: disaffected local elites, disgruntled Catholics at failure to pursue reform to its full extent Social: radical education – French ideas – sense of Irishness Social: radical education – French ideas – sense of Irishness

Conflict in Rural Ireland, Further Reading: Bartlett, Thomas, The Fall and Rise of the Irish Nation: The Catholic Question (Dublin, 1992). Donnelly, J. S., ‘The Whiteboy Movement, ’, Irish Historical Studies, xxi (1978-9), Donnelly, J. S., ‘Irish agrarian rebellions: the Whiteboys of ’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 83, section C (1983), Magennis, Eoin, ‘’A “Presbyterian Insurrection”? Reconsidering the Hearts of Oak disturbances of July 1763’, Irish Historical Studies, xxxi (1998-9),