INDUSTRIALIZATION: MANCHESTER

 For centuries, most people lived in the country  Urbanization period  City building and movement of people to cities  Caused by growth of factory system  # of cities with more than 100k doubled INDUSTRIAL CITIES

 Problems with growth 1.Bad housing 2.No sanitary codes 3.No building codes 4.Inadequate edu. 5.No police force  Living Conditions  Unpaved streets covered in garbage  Dark, dirty, small shelters  Sickness spread rapidly  Life span- 17 years (38 in country) INDUSTRIAL CITIES

 Working Conditions  14 hrs./ 6 days a week  Factories were dark and dangerous  No government aid in case of injury  Coal mines  Most dangerous conditions  Life span- 10 yrs. Shorter than an average person  Women/children worked in mines- cheaper labor INDUSTRIAL CITIES

 Middle Class  Skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers  Made good money & had nice homes  Grew in size and some became wealthier than nobles  Working Class  Saw little improvement to their living/working conditions  machines began to replace some workers  Created a hatred/class struggle in cities CLASS TENSIONS

 Positive Effects:  Created jobs  Increased wealth of people/nations  Increased production of goods  Raised standard of living  Healthier diets  Cheaper/more clothing  Expanded educational opportunities  Negative Effects  Hard working conditions  Long hours  Child labor  Pollution EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

CH.9 Section 3 INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS

 U.S. possessed all of the same resources that were present in Great Britain  War of 1812  GB blockaded the U.S. to prevent international trade  Also forbade engineers, tool makers, and mechanics to leave GB  U.S. Industrial infancy  Started in the textile mills  Samuel Slater (1789)  Migrated to U.S.  Built spinning machine from memory  Machine used to develop thread in Pawtucket, Rhode Island INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE U.S.

 Francis Lowell & 4 investors revolutionized textile industry  Mechanized each phase of cloth making  Massachusetts becomes manufacturing center of the U.S.  Women in the workplace  Young/single women flocked to these towns to work in the textile mills  Higher wages/independence  Behavior was watched closely by employers  Worked 12 hrs/day days/week MASSACHUSETTS

 NE industrialized early in 1800s  Majority of U.S. remained agricultural until end of Civil War (1865)  Factors of Expansion 1.Resources: oil, coal, iron 2.Railroads 3.Inventions: light bulb, telephone, etc.  Railroads played major role in America’s industrialization  Chicago & Minneapolis expanded rapidly  Railroads were very profitable business INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION IN U.S.

 1817 Worked for a steamboat company out of NY/NJ  1820 Started his own shipping business in NY  Known as a ruthless and highly competitive businessman  California Gold Rush  Offered a shortcut through Nicaragua for people in East traveling West  Earned aprrox. $1 million/ year ($26 million today)  Railroad Tycoon  Built majority of east coast railroads around NY  Connected his railroads with line to Chicago  Lowered costs, increased efficiency, & sped up travel/shipment times CORNELIUS VANDERBILT

 Railroad Tycoon  Built majority of east coast railroads around NY  Connected his railroads with line to Chicago  Lowered costs, increased efficiency, & sped up travel/shipment times  Grand Central Station  Built in 1913  Brought together all lines coming to NYC  Vanderbilt University  Donated $1 million to build university  Mascot: The Comodores CORNELIUS VANDERBILT

 Railroad building required a great deal of money  Birth of stocks & corporations  Stock: rights of ownership  Corporation: owned by stockholders that share in profit but not personally responsible for debts  Big businesses boomed during this era  Controlled every aspect of their industry  Made profits by reducing prices RISE OF CORPORATIONS

 1865 Rockefeller took control of an oil refinery  Cleveland, Ohio  Oil was used to make kerosene (light source)  Standard Oil Company  1 st American monopoly- owned every step of process  Bought rival refineries  Controlled 90% of the oil business in the U.S.  Sherman Anti-trust Act  Made monopolies illegal  Standard Oil broken into 30 separate companies  Wealth height he was worth $900,000,000  Worth $26,000,000  Gave most of it to charities & colleges (Chicago & Rockefeller University) JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

 Working background  Worked for $1.20/ week in cotton mill  Worked in railroad industry- saw need for iron bridges  Investment made him wealthier  Carnegie Steel Company-1892  Based out of Pittsburg  Bought steel companies nation wide  Homestead Labor Strike  Workers went on strike against working conditions  10 workers were killed- hurt production for next 40 yrs  Sold company to J.P. Morgan  $480 million  Carnegie Hall  NYC Opera House- $1.1 million ANDREW CARNEGIE