Tissues

 Epithelial – surface, lining body cavities  Connective – hard and soft  Muscle – movement  Nervous - communication

 After two wks. three germ layers produced – endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm  Histogenesis determines the tissue type.  Epitheial – all  Connective/muscle – mesoderm  Nervous - ectoderm

 Membranous –  Body covering  Vessels  Resp., digestive, GU systems  Glandular -  Endocrine and exocrine glands

 Protection  Sensory – skin, nose, eye, ear  Secretion – hormones, sweat, mucus, digestive enzymes  Absorption – gut – resp. gases  Excretion – renal tubules

 Limited matrix material  Under scope appears as tightly packed sheets  Epithelium attached to basal membrane (layer of connective tissue by a thin noncellular layer)  Glycoproteins (basal lamina) secreted by epithelial cells and a mesh of fibers (reticular lamina) produced by the connective tissue  Adhesive molecules (integrins) help bind cytoskeleton of epithelial cells to basement membrane

 Avascular  Diffusion allows for O2 and nutrients  Can reproduce themselves

 Based on cell shape  Based on layers of cells

 Give criteria  Flat  One layer  Scale-like  Diffusion easy through this tissue  Alveoli, pleura, pericardium, lymph vessels

 One layer  Cube shaped  Glands  kidneys

 Mucus membrane  Stomach lining  Uterus  Intestine  Goblet cells – secretory vesicles – mucus  Microvilli present  Surface structure expands – fan demo

 Air passages  Urethra  Cells differ in height and gives false impression of stratification  Resp.system lining = cilia moves one direction for protection = in or out?

 Keratinized  Protective factor on outer surface -keratohyaline  Resistance to friction and traction  Dry  Typically impermeable  Non-keratinized  Lining the vagina, mouth, esophagus  Free surface is moist  Allows diffusion of materials

 Two or more rows arranged randomly over basement membrane  Sweat gland ducts  Pharynx  Part of epiglottis

 Multiple layers  Rare locations  Male urethra  Mucus layer near anus

 Find in areas of stress and tension change  Wall of bladder  Shape changes from cuboidal to columnar  DURING THE VOIDING PROCESSS, THIS TISSUE GOES THROUGH GREAT TRANSITION!

 Secretory in nature  Exocrine glands – discharge secretion into ducts  saliva  Endocrine glands – discharge secretion into the blood  hormones

 Apocrine  Holocrine  Merocrine

?  What is the most widespread abundant tissue?  Nerve tissue is derived from what germ layer?  Define tissue  Blood is a member of what tissue type?

 What tissue lines body cavities?  Function of epithelial tissue  Where is keratinized squamous epithelium found?  Know glandular differences  Function of connective tissue  Where is collagenous tissue found?

One of the Most widespread tissues in the body

 Delicate tissue paper webs  Tough resilient cords  Rigid bones  Blood

 Connects – muscle to muscle  Supports - framework  Transports - nutrients, hormones, waste  Defends - skin

 Matrix – intracellular material  Ground substance – embedded in matrix along with fibers and fluid  Qualities of matrix and fibers determine structure of tissue  Blood – matrix is plasma – no fibers, many cells (except during coagulation)  Number of fibers determine consistency/strength

 Collagenous – white – tough and strong – occur in bundles (provides strength)  Possibly accounting for more than one-fourth of protein in body  Typically reflects aging process  Reticular – elastic and delicate – occur in networks (supports nerves, capillaries)  These are produced by fibroblasts and some other cells

 Made of elastin  Found in tissues that can stretch – nose, etc.  What do you know about elastic products?

 Protein fibers + proteoglycans (polysacharide chains – glucosamine) = matrix fluid  This fluid is thick  Barrier for microbes  Also, transparent lubricant to hold tissue together

 Structural characteristics of the intracellular material  Fibrous – extracellular fibers are predominant feature  Bone – fibers and hard mineral ground substance  Cartilage – ground substance traps water to form a firm gel  Blood - lack of fibers in matrix

 Loose/ordinary/areolar  Stretchable  Most widely distributed of all tissues  Connects adjacent structures – acts like glue that permits movement  Term areolar refers to bubbly effect when pulled apart on dissection  Matrix is soft, thick gel but hyaluronic acid can turn it watery  IM absorption increases with watery state  Strep bacterium release this acid to allow for ease of permeability

 Macrophages carry on phagocytosis  Type of WBC – mast cell

 Predominately fat cells and few fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells  Provides padding  Storage  insulation

 Three dimensional web (reticular network)  Framework of the spleen, lymph, bone marrow  Defense mechanism that acts as a filter, traps and eats invaders

 Fibers packed densely in matrix  Few fibroblasts  Regular/irregular – depends on arrangement of fibers  Dense – bundles of fibers of collagen – tendons (flexible and great strength)  ligament – mostly elastic fibers  Irregular – bundles not in parallel rows, but thick mat - dermis

 Osseous  Most specialized of connective tissue  Collagen and mineral salts (65%) which creates density and strength  Support/protection/mineral reserve  Basic unit of the bone is the osteon (Haversian system)  Osteocytes located in lacunae – arranged in concentric manner called lamellae  Canaliculi connect each lacuna and osteocyte with bl vessels in Haversian canal

 Osteoblast  Osteocyte  osteoclast

 Only has one cell type – chondrocyte  Chondrocytes produce fibers and tough gristle ground substance  Also found in lacunae  Avascular – diffusion  Cartilage injury heals slowly

 Fibrocartilage – strongest/most durable  Strong densly packed collagen  Intervertebral disks,meniscus  Elastic cartilage – little collagen/great amt of elastic fibers  Great flexibility External ear, voice box, larynx  Hyaline (glass) - low amount of collagen – shiny/transparent  Esophageal rings, end of bones

 Most unusual  Liquid state  No ground substance or fibers  Plasma (55%) and formed elements (cells)  Body transport  Maintains body temp.  Regulates ph of body fluids  Phagocytosis/defense  Hematopoiesis – red marrow

 3 types   Skeletal – striated - voluntary  Smooth - involuntary  Cardiac - cross striations and bands

 More developed excitability and conductivity than other tissue types  Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves  Neurons – basic unit  Neuroglia – supporting/connecting cells  Cell body – soma  Axon – away  Dendrite - down

 Damage = scars = keloid  Phagocytic cells remove debris  Regeneration  Fibrous tissue  Granulation tissue  Greatest regeneration capacity – epithelial and connective  Muscle – limited regeneration – decreased strength  Nerves – limited regeneration brain and spinal cord do not regenerate Nerve growth factor may prove successful

 Epithelial  Cutaneous  Serous Parietal – lines wall of cavity like wallpaper Visceral – covers organs Peritoneum – covers abd. viscera  Mucus Produce mucus Defense Moistens food Lubricant for digestion  Connective  Line spaces btwn bones  Synovial fluid

 Neoplasm – new matter  Benign  Malignant  Tumor  Metastasis  Papilloma – fingerlike projections  Adenoma – tumor of gland  Nevus – mole  Hyperplasia – too many cells  Anaplasia - undifferentiated cells

 CA  Genetic  Environmental  Ingestion  Inhalation  Radiation

 Detection of CA  MRI  CAT scan  X-Ray  Serum  Self-exam  Bx.

 Grading  staging

 TMT  Herbal  Psychotherapy  Chemotherapy  Radiation  PO med  Laser  Immunotherapy –  Nuclear meds  Gene therapy

 How are salivary glands classified?  What is known as loose ordinary connective tissue?  What is the purpose of adipose tissue?  What kind of tissue is red bone marrow?  Another name for skeletal muscle

 What tissue is composed of neurons?  Most prevalent cartilage?  Cilia are found on what types of cells?  Most complex tissue  Mature bone cells are called –  Characteristics of skeletal muscles

 Define matrix  Phagocytosis  Keloid  Inflammation process