2. Epithelial Tissue (yesterday’s material) Basement Membrane Connective Tissue

3.  Three common types of cells found in connective tissue matrix:  1. Mast cells – prevent blood clots  2. Macrophages – first line of defense of immune system to fight microorganisms  3. Fibroblasts – most abundant cells, produce fibers

4.  Main types of fibers:  (1) collagenous – thick, composed of protein, appear in large parallel bundles. Functions to be strong, flexible, but not very elastic (EX: bones, ligaments, tendons)  (2) elastic – not as strong, but elastic (EX: respiratory, vocal cords)

5.  General characteristics include:  (1) Most abundant type of tissue found throughout body  (2) Binds/connects structures together  (3) Functions to provide support, act as a framework, fill space, store fat, produce blood cells, fight infection, and repair tissue  (4) Composed of more scattered cells with abundant intracellular matrix  (5) Most connective tissue is vascular (good blood supply)

6.  Consists of 3 main types:  (1) Proper  (2) Fluid  (3) Supporting

7.  Includes:  (1) Areolar (Loose)  (2) Dense (Regular/ Fibrous)  (3) Reticular  (4) Adipose

8.  Contains lots of fluid-filled space  Located beneath the skin and around blood vessels, muscles and nerves  Functions to bind one tissue to another (as skin connects to muscle), protection and nourishment to the organs and structures it binds, and stores "body fluid" Fibroblast Collagen Fibers Elastic Fibers

9.  Contains tightly packed, parallel collagenous fibers  This fiber contains few cells, and poor blood supply, which leads to longer healing time  Located in the tendons and ligaments  Functions to provide strong flexible support Fibroblasts Collagen fibers

10.  Form a network or lattice shape  Located in the spleen, lymph nodes, liver  Functions to give support to soft organs Fibroblast Reticular Fibers

11.  Known as fat cells called adipocytes  Located beneath the skin, around kidneys, eyeballs, and in abdominal membranes.  Functions to provide a protective cushion, insulate and preserve body heat, and stores energy

12.  Consists of blood and lymph  Blood is found throughout the body in blood vessels  Functions to provide oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove wastes and CO 2

13.  Tissue that provides support. Consists of:  (1) Hyaline cartilage  (2) Elastic cartilage  (3) Fibrocartilage  (4) Bone Tissue  All cartilaginous cells are called chondrocytes  Contains small cavities that chondrocytes are found in, called lacunae

14.  Most common cartilage  Located around the ends of bones and joints, connects ribs to sternum, and respiratory passages  Functions to withstand both pulling and compressive forces from bone movement in the respiratory system, as well as support the moveable joints between bones Chondrocyte (inside the lacunae) Lacunae (space) Ground Matrix

15.  Contains elastic fibers (hairy looking)  Functions to provide more flexibility and elasticity  Located in the external ear and larynx

16.  Very tough cartilage, composed of large amounts of collagenous fibers  Functions to provide tough support  Located in the intervertebral disks and meniscus of the knee Collagenous fibers Lacunae Chondrocyte

17.  Two main types of bone tissue:  1. Ground bone – need to recognize on slide  2. Spongy bone – don’t need to recognize Spongy bone inside Ground, compact bone outside

18.  Tough, outer layer of bone  Bone cells called osteocytes  Contain longitudinal Haversian canals used for small blood vessels to flow through  Canaliculi look like tiny hairs that allow osteocytes to branch out and obtain nutrients and even form contacts to communicate with other osteocytes

19.  Three main types of muscle tissue:  1. Skeletal  2. Smooth  3. Cardiac

20.  Skeletal muscles function to perform conscious, voluntary movements (you can control)  Composed of bundles of fibers and have striations (stripes) Multi-nucleated Striations

21.  Smooth muscle controls involuntary movements  Able to contract in long, wavelike motions  Found in blood vessel walls to help maintain blood pressure, stomach and intestine walls to propel food through digestive tract, and in the bladder  Nonstriated, single nucleus present

22.  Cardiac muscle (as name implies) is found in the heart  Functions to control involuntary contractions of the heart  Contains striations and branching  Contains intercalculated disks to separate one cell from the next

24.  Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves  Functions to send messages to the organs, muscles, glands, and to maintain homeostasis of the body  Neurons function to send messages  Neuroglial cells function to provide support