1. Tissues

2. A. Tissues 1. Def – a group of cells that are organized into groups and layers. 2. Types (Table 5.1) a. Epithelial b. Connective c. Muscular d. Nervous 3. Extracellular Matrix a. Non-living b. Supports cells c. Transmits signals

3. A. General Characteristics 1. covers organs 2. forms inner linings of body cavities 3. lines hollow organs *always has an exposed surface *basement membrane – adheres epithelial layer to other tissues 4. Other characteristics a. Lack blood vessels b. Readily divide c. Tightly packed

4. 5. Types of epithelial cells a. Squamous – thin and flattened b. Cuboidal – cube shaped c. Columnar – tall and elongated *simple – single layer *stratified – two or more layers

5. A. Def – pg.93 1. Characteristics a. Substances pass easily (filtration and diffusion) b. Location…  alveoli (lungs) O 2  CO 2  capillaries  blood and lymph vessels  covers membranes that line body cavities c. Easily damaged

7. A. Def – pg. 93 1. Characteristics a. Acts as a cover b. Location…  ovaries  lines kidneys, salivary, and thyroid glands  pancreas and livers c. Secretion and absorption  hormones

9. A. Def – pg. 93 1. Characteristics a. Nuclei are located near basement membrane. b. Can contain cilia or microvilli c. Good protectors of underlying tissue d. Contain goblet cells - secretions e. Location…  female reproductive tubes  digestive tract

11. A. Def – pg. 94 1. Characteristics a. Pseudo = false b. Nuclei are located at different levels c. Have cilia d. Goblet cells e. Location…  respiratory tract (mucous/flem)

13. A. Def – pg. 95 1. Characteristics a. Generally thick b. Push old ones towards the surface c. Location…  skin (epidermis / dermis) -keratin (protein)  oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal

15. A. Def – pg. 95 1. Characteristics a. Protective lining b. Location…  glands (mammary, sweat, salivary, pancreas)  male and female reproductive tubules

17. A. Def – pg. 95 1. characteristics a. Superficial cells – columnar b. Deep cells – cuboidal c. Location…  urethra and vas deferens  pharynx

19. A. Transitional 1. characteristics a. specialized to change due to tension b. ability to change shape c. Location…  urinary tract B. Glandualar 1. characteristics a. Produce secretions and substances b. Form glands c. types

20. 1. Exocrine gland – secrete into ducts that lead into the skin or lining of digestive tract  merocrine – watery protein  apocrine – small portions of cells  holocrine – cells break off and lyse. 2. Endocrine gland – secrete into tissue or blood

21. A. Characteristics 1. multiple…  framework, support, protection, store fat, repair tissue, protect against infections, produce blood cells… B. Cell Types 1. Fibroblast – most common a. Large and star shaped b. Produce fibers

22. 2. Macrophages a. White blood cells – phagocytosis  scavengers  ability to move 3. Mast Cells a. Heparin – prevents blood clotting b. Located near blood vessels c. Produce histamine  allergies and inflammation

23. C. Connective Tissue Fibers (fibroblasts) 1. Collagenous – thick threads a. Great strength b. Ex: ligaments and tendons 2. Elastic – thin fibers a. Elastin protein b. Stretch easy and return to normal shape c. Ex: vocal cords 3. Reticlular – thin fibers a. Form delicate supporting networks b. Hold organs in place

24. D. Categories of Connective Tissue 1. Loose Connective Tissue a. Description – delicate thin membrane b. Mainly fibroblasts c. Binds skin to organs (usually muscles) d. Large blood supply 2. Adipose Tissue a. Description – energy storage center b. Adipocytes – store fat droplets within cells. c. Location… -underneath skin -around organs (protection) -in between muscles

25. 3. Dense Connective Tissue a. Description – closely packed collagenous fibers and elastic fibers. b. Strong yet stretchy c. Location…  tendons and ligaments d. Poor blood supply = slow tissue repair 4. Cartilage a. Description – rigid connective tissue that provides support and protection. b. Chondrocytes – cells that produce collagenous fibers. c. Little/no blood supply = poor healing

26. d. Types of cartilage  Hyaline – most common (collagenous) - ends of bone, tip of nose, throat  Elastic – (elastic) - more flexible than hyaline - ears and larynx  Fibrocartilage – tough (collagenous) - shock absorber - spinal column, knees, pelvic girdle - meniscus

27. 5. Bone Tissue a. Description – most rigid connective tissue b. mineral salts (calcium) c. Purpose a. Supports body structures b. Protects body structures c. Attachment site for muscles d. Red marrow – white blood cells d. Osteocytes – bone laying cells

28. 6. Blood Tissue a. Description – transports materials b. Helps to maintain stability (homeostasis) c. Types  Red BC’s  White BC’s  Platelets

29. A. Def – ability to contract in response to stimuli B. Characteristics 1. elongated 2. ability to contract C. Types of Muscle Tissues 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac

30. D. Skeletal 1. Characteristics a. Connect bones b. Voluntary c. Contain striations d. Allow movement

31. E. Smooth 1. Characteristics a. No striations b. Shorter in length c. Found in internal organs -stomach, intestine, urinary bladder d. Involuntary

32. F. Cardiac 1. Only found in the heart 2. striated 3. involuntary