Metric System of Measurement Essential Question: Why do scientists use the metric system?

Why do we have to learn this? Standard: You will demonstrate an understanding of technological design and scientific inquiry, including process skills, mathematical thinking, controlled investigative design and analysis, and problem solving. School Goal, Math: Student’s math communication skills, reasoning, explaining, justifying will be mastered. Objectives: You will convert, apply, and arrange metric conversion units You will use, apply, and evaluate metric prefixes, and base units to labs You will apply unit factor analysis, scientific notation, and significant figures to metric calculations. You will apply the ladder method and division and multiplication by 10 to calculate and convert metric units.

Metric System The Metric system of measurement was created about two hundred years ago by a group of French scientists to simplify measurement. It is a Standard which is the exact quantity that people agree to use for comparison.

For the creatures smaller than the king, the Royal Potter designed deciliters that were 1/10th the size of a liter, centiliters that were 1/100th the size of a liter, and milliliters that were 1/1000th the size of a liter. The milliliters were just right for the Royal Chocolate Beetles found in the kingdom.

For the creatures greater than the king, the Royal Potter designed, Dekaliters that were 10 times the size of a liter, Hectoliters that were 100 times the size of a liter, and Kiloliters that were 1000 times the size of a liter. The kiloliters were just right for the Royal Elephants of the kingdom.

The Royal Potter lined the vessels up in his workroom from largest to smallest to show the king. The king’s vessel was in the center of the line, for the king was the center of the kingdom. The vessels were arranged in the following order: kiloliter hectoliter dekaliter Liter deciliter centiliter milliliter

King Hector loved the new vessels that were designed larger and smaller than his own for all of the living creatures in his kingdom. The Royal Potter explained that the sizes of the original unit of measurement increased and decreased from the king’s liter by multiples of ten. He explained how to convert between the sizes by multiplying by ten or dividing by ten. King Hector wondered how he would ever remember the order of the vessels.

Now it is known as the Metric Conversion Mnemonic King (kilo, 1,000) Hector (hecto, 100) Died (deka, 10) abbreviation---(da) Unexpectedly (Unit (liter, meter, gram, Celsius) Drinking (deci 1/10) Chocolate (centi 1/100) Milk (milli, 1/1,000) SI system is based on multiples of 10 and uses prefixes to indicate a specific unit’s magnitude

How many jumps does it take? Ladder Method 1 2 3 KILO 1000 Units HECTO 100 Units DEKA 10 Units DECI 0.1 Unit Meters Liters Grams CENTI 0.01 Unit MILLI 0.001 Unit How do you use the “ladder” method? 1st – Determine your starting point. 2nd – Count the “jumps” to your ending point. 3rd – Move the decimal the same number of jumps in the same direction and add zeros for each jump 4 km = _________ m Starting Point Ending Point How many jumps does it take? 1 __. 2 __. 3 __. 4. = 4000 m

Or use,Multiplying/Dividing

6 places to the right of the decimal point Practice Problem 1 How many mg are in 3.6 Kg? 3600. 0 grams 3.6 kg 36.0 hectogram 3600000.0 milligrams 360. 0 dekagrams 36000. 0 decigrams 360000.0 centigrams Gram Kilo Hecto Deka deci centi milli Starting point Final Destination 3,600,000 mg 6 places to the right of the decimal point

5 places to the left of the decimal point Practice Problem 2 How many hm are in 12.67 mm? Meter Kilo Hecto Deka deci centi milli Final Destination Starting point 0.0001267 hm 5 places to the left of the decimal point

Math and Units Math- the language of Science SI Units--an improved version of the metric system used and understood by scientists worldwide. Meter m Mass kg Time s Volume L (l) Temperature oC,Celcius Kelvin (K)

Length: Base unit in the metric system is the Meter. Using the appropriate unit, it is the measured distance from one end to the other of an object. Base unit in the metric system is the Meter.

About the thickness of a dime 1 millimeter (1 mm) About the thickness of a dime

1 centimeter (1 cm)

1 kilometer (1 km)

OR About the length of 10 football fields 1 kilometer (1 km) OR About the length of 10 football fields

Mass: Base unit in the metric system is the Gram. A measured quantity of matter. Base unit in the metric system is the Gram.

1 gram (1 g)

1 gram (1 g) or the mass of a paperclip

About the mass of a grain of sand 1 milligram (1 mg) About the mass of a grain of sand

1 kilogram (1 kg)

Volume Base unit in the metric system is the Liter. Space included within limits as measured and is an amount of space an object occupies. Base unit in the metric system is the Liter.

1 liter (1 L) 1 liter of coke

Capacity of an eyedropper 1 milliliter (1 mL or 1 ml) Capacity of an eyedropper

1 milliliter (1 mL or 1 ml)

1 kiloliter (1kL or 1 kl) About the capacity of 4 bathtubs

A derived unit Density —mass per unit volume of a material. The unit for density is g/ml. A unit obtained by combining different SI units is called a derived unit Volume

New Topic: Temperature: Base unit in the metric system is the Celsius. The degree of hotness or coldness of something Temperature is measured using a thermometer calibrated in o C

Temperature A measure of how hot or how cold an object is. SI unit: Celsius or Centigrade (old term) SI Unit: the kelvin ( K ) Note: K not a degree Absolute Zero= 0 K

Temperature Particles are always moving. When you heat water, the water molecules move faster. When molecules move faster, the substance gets hotter. When a substance gets hotter, its temperature goes up.

Temperature Determined by using a thermometer that contains a liquid that expands with heat and contracts with cooling. Other instruments use infrared detection, lasers, bimetallic resistance.

degree Celsius (°C)

Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin Water boils 212°F 100°C 373 K Water freezes 32°F 0°C 273 K

Units of Temperature between Boiling and Freezing Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin Water boils 212°F 100°C 373 K 180° 100°C 100K Water freezes 32°F 0°C 273 K

Celsius and Kelvin K= oC + 273

Convert Temperatures Formulas °F= °C x 9/5 + 32 or °C = (°F -32)/1.8 °C = (°F  -  32)  x  5/9

Fahrenheit Formula 180°F = 9°F = 1.8°F 100°C 5°C 1°C Zero point: 0°C = 32°F °F = 9/5 T°C + 32 or °F = 1.8 T°C + 32

Celsius Formula Rearrange to find T°C °F = 1.8 T°C + 32 1.8 1.8 °F - 32 = T°C 1.8

Temperature Conversions A person with hypothermia has a body temperature of 29.1°C. What is the body temperature in °F? °F = 1.8 (29.1°C) + 32 exact tenth's exact = 52.4 + 32 = 84.4°F tenth’s

Solution Solution: °C = (°F - 32) 1.8 = (105.8 - 32) = 73.8°F = (105.8 - 32) = 73.8°F 1.8° = 41.0°C

Learning Check Pizza is baked at 455°F. What is that in °C? 1) 437 °C

Solution Pizza is baked at 455°F. What is that in °C? 2) 235°C 1.8

Learning Check 1) 19 °F 2) 59°F 3) 5°F On a cold winter day, the temperature falls to -15°C. What is that temperature in °F? 1) 19 °F 2) 59°F 3) 5°F

Solution 3) 5°F Solution: °F = 1.8(-15°C) + 32 = -27 + 32 = 5°F

Kelvin Scale On the Kelvin Scale 1K = 1°C 0 K is the lowest temperature 0 K = - 273°C K °C K = °C + 273

Learning Check What is normal body temperature of 37°C in kelvins? 1) 236 K 2) 310 K 3) 342 K

Solution 2) 310 K K = °C + 273 = 37 °C + 273 = 310. K What is normal body temperature of 37°C in kelvins? 2) 310 K K = °C + 273 = 37 °C + 273 = 310. K

Accuracy and Precision Revisited Limits of Measurement Accuracy and Precision Revisited Essential Question What is more important, to be accurate and precise, accurate or precise or does it matter? Objectives: Students will know the difference between accuracy and precision. You will identify accurate and precision using examples. You will provide real life examples of the essential question.

Accuracy - a measure of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured.

Example: Accuracy Who is more accurate when measuring a book that has a true length of 17.0cm? Susan: 17.0cm, 16.0cm, 18.0cm, 15.0cm Amy: 15.5cm, 15.0cm, 15.2cm, 15.3cm

Precision – a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another. A measure of how exact a measurement is.

Example: Precision Who is more precise when measuring the same 17.0cm book? Susan: 17.0cm, 16.0cm, 18.0cm, 15.0cm Amy: 15.5cm, 15.0cm, 15.2cm, 15.3cm

Example: Evaluate whether the following are precise, accurate or both. Not Precise Not Accurate Precise Accurate Precise

Introduction to Significant Digits (figures) & Scientific Notation Essential questions: Why is it important to be accurate and / or precise when measuring How can we show large and small numbers Objectives: You will convert, apply, and arrange metric conversion units You will apply unit factor analysis, scientific notation, and significant figures to metric calculations.

How many Significant Digits/Figures are there in a given measurement? ALIAS AKA sig figs

Precisely Sig Figs show how precise the measuring instrument is. Another purpose of finding the significant figure is so that we know which place to round our answers to. Ex: A metric ruler can only be as precise as the last full measurement and your estimation.

Summarize the next 3 slides Reminder--------What is a summary? Summarizing involves Putting the main idea(s) into your own words, and include only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to cite summarized ideas to the original source. (Mr. Albro’s class notes) Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Precisely A Beaker The smallest division is 10 mL, so we can read the volume to 1/10 of 10 mL or 1 mL. The volume we read from the beaker has a reading error of ± 1 mL. The volume in this beaker is 47 ± 1 mL. You might have read 46 mL; your friend might read the volume as 48 mL. All the answers are correct within the reading error of ± 1 mL. So, How many significant figures does our volume of 47 ± 1 mL have? Answer - 2! The "4" we know for sure plus the "7" we had to estimate. Is this precise? We don’t know yet we have to gather more evidence

Precisely A Graduated Cylinder The smallest division of this graduated cylinder is 1 mL. Therefore, our reading error will be ± 1 mL or 1/10 of the smallest division. An appropriate reading of the volume is 36.5 ± 1 mL. An equally precise value would be 36.6 mL or 36.4 mL. How many significant figures does our answer have? 3! The "3" and the "6" we know for sure and the "5" we had to estimate a little. Is this precise? We don’t know yet we have to gather more evidence

Precisely A Buret The smallest division in this buret is 0.1 mL. Therefore, our reading error is 0.01 mL. A good volume reading is 20.38 ± 0.01 mL. An equally precise answer would be 20.39 mL or 20.37 mL. How many significant figures does our answer have? 4! The "2", "0", and "3" we definitely know and the "8" we had to estimate. Conclusion: The number of significant figures is directly linked to a measurement. Is this precise? Yes

The same rules apply with all instruments Read to the last digit that you know Estimate the final digit if necessary

Rules for Significant figures Rule #1 All non zero digits are ALWAYS significant How many significant digits are in the following numbers? _____________ 274 25.632 8.987

Rule #2 All zeros between significant digits are ALWAYS significant How many significant digits are in the following numbers? 504 60002 9.077 _____________

Rule #3 All FINAL zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant How many significant digits are in the following numbers? 32.0 19.000 105.0020 _____________

Rule #4 All zeros that act as place holders are NOT significant Another way to say this is: zeros are only significant if they are between significant digits OR are the very final thing at the end of a decimal

For example… Look at the ruler below What would be the measurement in the correct number of sig figs? _______________

Let’s try this one Look at the ruler below What would be the measurement in the correct number of sig figs? _______________

Let’s try graduated cylinders Look at the graduated cylinder below What would be the measurement in the correct number of sig figs? _______________

One more graduated cylinder Look at the cylinder below… What would be the measurement in the correct number of sig figs? _______________

For example _____________ 0.0002 6.02 x 1023 100.000 150000 800 How many significant digits are in the following numbers? _____________ 0.0002 6.02 x 1023 100.000 150000 800

How many significant digits are in the following numbers? 0.0073 100.020 2500 7.90 x 10-3 670.0 0.00001 18.84 _____________

Sig Figs in Multiplication/Division The answer has the same sig figs as the factor with the least sig figs. Ex: 3.22 cm x 2.0 cm 6.4 cm2

Scientific Notation Scientific notation is used to express very large or very small numbers It consists of a number between 1 and 10 followed by x 10 to a power The power can be determined by the number of places you have to move to get only 1 number in front of the decimal

A number is expressed in scientific notation when it is in the form a x 10n where a is between 1 and 10 and n is an integer 2.0 x 105 a = 2.0, 10n = 105 4.500 x 103 a = 4.500, 10n = 103

How wide is our universe? 210,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles (22 zeros) This number is written in decimal notation or expanded form.When numbers get this large, it is easier to write them in scientific notation.

Write the width of the universe in scientific notation. 210,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles Where is the decimal point now? After the last zero. Where would you put the decimal to make this number be between 1 and 10? Between the 2 and the 1

2.10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. How many decimal places did you move the decimal? 23 When the original number is more than 1, the exponent is positive. The answer in scientific notation is 2.1 x 1023

Metric prefix Write the metric prefix with a unit in Scientific Notation. kilo ex: 1.0 x 103 kl hecto deka Unit – liters, meters, grams, sec, 0C(elsus) deci centi milli

Sig Figs and Scientific Notation A and P rule: Convert the number into scientific notation. Any leading or trailing zeros the decimal point bumps past in the conversion will vanish. Everything else is significant. Here are some examples that apply both rules. The non-significant zeros are colored red. Number Atlantic-Pacific rule Scientific notation rule 0.001010 decimal point Present: ignore zeros on the Pacific . 4 sig. digits. In scientific notation: 1.010 × 10-3. 4 sig. digits. The decimal point moved past the three leading zeros; they vanished. 0.30000 decimal point Present: ignore zeros on the Pacific side. 5 sig. digits. In scientific notation: 3.0000 × 10-1. 5 sig. digits. The decimal point bumped past the leading zero; it vanished. 100.0000 decimal point Present: ignore zeros on the Pacific side (none!) 7 sig. digits. In scientific notation: 1.000000 × 102. The decimal point moved past two zeros, but they aren't trailing zeros; they're in the middle of the number. 7 sig. digits. 12303000 decimal point Absent: ignore zeros on the Atlantic side. 5 sig. digits. In scientific notation: 1.2303 × 107. The decimal point moved past the trailing three zeros; they vanished. It moved past the zero between the threes, too, but that's not a trailing or leading zero; it stays. 5 sig. digits.

1) Express 0.0000000902 in scientific notation. Where would the decimal go to make the number be between 1 and 10? 9.02 The decimal was moved how many places? 8 When the original number is less than 1, the exponent is negative. 9.02 x 10-8

Write 28750.9 in scientific notation. 2.87509 x 10-5 2.87509 x 10-4 2.87509 x 104 2.87509 x 105

Evaluate (0.0042)(330,000). The answer is 1386. The answer in decimal notation is 1386 The answer in scientific notation is 1.386 x 103

Evaluate (3,600,000,000)(23). The answer is: The answer in scientific notation is 8.28 x 10 10 The answer in decimal notation is 82,800,000,000

Write in PROPER scientific notation Write in PROPER scientific notation. (Notice the number is not between 1 and 10) 234.6 x 109 2.346 x 1011 0.0642 x 104 6.42 x 10 2

Write 531.42 x 105 in scientific notation.

Going from Scientific Notation to Ordinary Notation (expanded form) You start with the number and move the decimal the same number of spaces as the power . If the exponent is positive, the number will be greater than 1 If the exponent is negative, the number will be less than 1

Going to Ordinary Notation Examples Place the following numbers in ordinary notation: _____________ 3 x 106 6.26x 109 5 x 10-4 8.45 x 10-7 2.25 x 103

Multiply and Divide Exponents You might be asked to multiply and divide numbers in scientific notation. Here is the process. Express in scientific notation: (2.6 × 105) (9.2 × 10–13) The short and simple Multiply the bases and add the exponents. 2.6 x 9.2 = 23.92 5 + -13 = -8 Put it together in the PROPER form 23.92 x 10? ≠ -8 Why? 2.392 x 10-7

Dividing Scientific Notation Here is the process. Express in scientific notation: (4.8 × 1020) / (2.2 × 1012) The short and simple Divide the bases and subtract the exponents. 4.8 = 2.4 20-12 = 8 Put it all together: 2.4 x 108 2.2

Unit Factor Conversion A math communication graphic organizer, and process that uses: reasoning and explanation Essential question: How can we collect and analyze data that is in one unit and needs to be analyzed in another unit? Objective: You will apply unit factor analysis, scientific notation, and significant figures to metric calculations.

Unit Factor Method A conversion factor changes something to a different version or form. A factor is something that brings results or a cause, Conversion is an action of changing the 1st version of a thing (number plus unit) to a 2nd version. To accomplish this, a ratio (fraction) is established that equals one (1). Ex: 1 hour is 60 minutes, (1 hr/60 min) and (60 min is 1 hr) 1 kilometers is 1000 meters (1km/1000m) and (1000m/1km)

Unit Factor Method Example: Convert 5km to m: Need a conversion factor Need to have units NEW UNIT 5km x 1,000m =5,000m km OLD UNIT

Convert 7,000m to km 7,000m x 1 km = 7 km 1,000m

Convert 2.45cs to s 2.45cs x 1 s = 0.0245s 100cs

Derived Metric Units Convert 55.00 km/h to m/s 55.00 km x 1000 m x 1 h___ = 15.28m/s h 1 km 3600 s Convert 20 g/ml to cg/ml 20 g x 100 cg = 2000 cg/ml ml 1 g

Have Fun Measuring and Happy Calculating! The End Have Fun Measuring and Happy Calculating!