The Reformation Review

The Reformation

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“The Pope is lower than God but higher than man, judges all but is judged by no one.” Pope Innocent III

Causes of the Reformation powerful popes spent money on art and wars

John Tetzel

illiterate priests were often immoral secular Renaissance ideas challenge church authority Causes of the Reformation

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Martin Luther

The Spread of Lutheranism

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Calvin’s World in the 16 c

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Europe Starts Religious Wars The Thirty-Year War ( ) German princes use Reformation to get independence from Rome and from the Holy Roman Empire The war is extremely destructive and soon involves almost all of Europe

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites) St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

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Council of Trent

The Counter-Reformation Ignatius of Loyola started the Jesuit Holy Order Catholic Church reformed some of its corruption (such as banning indulgences) reaffirmed basic tenants of Catholic faith (saints, pilgrimages, salvation through good deeds, etc.) rejected addressed political power

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Scientific Revolution Review

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A g e o f E x p l o r a t i o n Reformation Renaissance Scientific Revolution

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200 BC Ancient Greeks The Scientific Revolution Ptolemy ancient Greek philosopher started the idea of geocentric universe

200 BC The Scientific Revolution Middle Ages

200 BC The Scientific Revolution Renaissance Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)

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On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary. Galileo Galilei

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Francis Bacon – encouraged empiricism (experiments and conclusions) Rene Descartes – used mathematics and logic Isaac Newton – theory of gravity Leaders of the Scientific Revolution

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________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: Scientific Revolution 1.Roots of the Scientific Revolution 2.The Scientific Revolution a. scholars observed natural world and questioned old beliefs b. Nicolaus Copernicus – sun at center of universe c. Galileo Galilei – built telescope and observed the universe d. Scientific Method – hypothesis, experiment, observation, and conclusion e. Francis Bacon – encouraged empiricism (experiments and conclusions) f. Rene Descartes – used mathematics and logic g. Isaac Newton – theory of gravity 3.Effects of the Scientific Revolution a. a new way of looking at the world b. “tools” developed for studying people and society c. Europeans make advances in medicine and science