17th Century

Read each questions carefully before answering. 1. Which of the following was NOT one of the dominant states in the early modern period? A. England France Spain Portugal

England, France, and Spain were all growing powers. 1.Which of the following was NOT one of the dominant states in the early modern period? A. England France Spain Portugal England, France, and Spain were all growing powers.

2. Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch Republic of the seventeenth century? A. Popular democracy B. Rule of an absolute monarch C. Rule of wealthy merchants D. Control of feudal lords E. Rule by yeoman farmers

C. Rule of wealthy merchants 2. Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch Republic of the seventeenth century? A. Popular democracy B. Rule of an absolute monarch C. Rule of wealthy merchants D. Control of feudal lords E. Rule by yeoman farmers

A. dynastic concerns were the primary motivations. 3. The wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries differed from those of earlier centuries in that: A. dynastic concerns were the primary motivations. B. religion ceased to be a major motivation. C. the armies were much larger and more expensive. D. warfare did not often affect the lives of civilians.

3.The wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries differed from those of earlier centuries in that: A. dynastic concerns were the primary motivations. B. religion ceased to be a major motivation. C. the armies were much larger and more expensive. D. warfare did not often affect the lives of civilians.

4.The population losses caused by the plague and the Hundred Years' War: A. greatly benefited the French nobility. B. resulted in the virtual disappearance of serfdom in France. C. led to foreign invasion of France. D. led to the introduction of serfdom in France.

4The population losses caused by the plague and the Hundred Years‘ War: No more serfing for me A. greatly benefited the French nobility. B. resulted in the virtual disappearance of serfdom in France. C. led to foreign invasion of France. D. led to the introduction of serfdom in France.

5. The greatest single cause of warfare between 1550 and 1650 was: A. disputes over constitutional issues B. religious rivalries C. economic competition D. international disputes over territory

6. Which of the following best characterized the Western European economy, as a whole, in the sixteenth century? A. widespread unemployment B. declining trade and commerce C. Technological breakthroughs in production D. unrestricted trade among nations E. increasing inflation

6. Which of the following best characterized the Western European economy, as a whole, in the sixteenth century? A. widespread unemployment B. declining trade and commerce C. Technological breakthroughs in production D. unrestricted trade among nations E. increasing inflation

A. Muscovite Russia B. England C. the Low Countries D. France 7. In the sixteenth century, all of the following had religious civil wars or political insurrections EXCEPT: A. Muscovite Russia B. England C. the Low Countries D. France E. the German states.

7. In the sixteenth century, all of the following had religious civil wars or political insurrections EXCEPT: A. Muscovite Russia B. England C. the Low Countries D. France E. the German states.

8. The map below, showing religious divisions in Europe around 1600, illustrates which of the following differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism? A. Lutheran areas were more densely populated and urbanized than were Calvinist areas B. Lutheran areas were geographically closer to papal influences than were Calvinist areas C. Calvinist areas were more likely to be influenced by minor sects than were Lutheran areas D. Calvinists were more likely to share a common language than were Lutherans E. Calvinists were more likely to be a minority within a state than were Lutherans

8. The map below, showing religious divisions in Europe around 1600, illustrates which of the following differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism? A. Lutheran areas were more densely populated and urbanized than were Calvinist areas B. Lutheran areas were geographically closer to papal influences than were Calvinist areas C. Calvinist areas were more likely to be influenced by minor sects than were Lutheran areas D. Calvinists were more likely to share a common language than were Lutherans E. Calvinists were more likely to be a minority within a state than were Lutherans

Habsburg-Valois Wars

10. In order to pay for the Habsburg-Valois wars, the French monarchs A. instituted taxes on the nobility. B. sold many Renaissance masterpieces. C. sold public offices. D. confiscated monastic lands.

10. In order to pay for the Habsburg-Valois wars, the French monarchs A. instituted taxes on the nobility. B. sold many Renaissance masterpieces. C. sold public offices. D. confiscated monastic lands.

11. Who sacked the city of Rome in 1527 during the Habsburg-Valois Wars? A. troops of Charles V of Holy Roman Empire B. the Ottoman Turks C. French mercenaries D. the Italian condottieri

France

13. Louis XI (1461-1483) is often credited with laying the foundations of French royal absolutism because of his: A. establishment of the French Academy to set standards for written French B. creation of an autonomous French national church C. use of the royal decree to legislate administrative reforms D. suppression of the rights of French Huguenots E. expeditions to gain territory in the Italian peninsulA.

13. Louis XI (1461-1483) is often credited with laying the foundations of French royal absolutism because of his: A. establishment of the French Academy to set standards for written French B. creation of an autonomous French national church C. use of the royal decree to legislate administrative reforms D. suppression of the rights of French Huguenots E. expeditions to gain territory in the Italian peninsulA.

14. The French royal budget in the first half of the sixteenth century was strained by both the Hapsburg-Valois Wars and A. loss of feudal dues and rents. B. overseas exploration. C. extravagant promotion of the arts by the monarchs. D. the military defeats of the Thirty Years' War.

14. The French royal budget in the first half of the sixteenth century was strained by both the Hapsburg-Valois wars and A. loss of feudal dues and rents. B. overseas exploration. C. extravagant promotion of the arts by the monarchs. D. the military defeats of the Thirty Years' War.

15. In France, Calvinism A. often served as a cloak for noble independence. B. became the majority religion. C. had little impact on the nobility. D. was rejected by the middle class and artisans.

16. Which of the following groups was instrumental in ending the Wars of Religion (1562-1598) in France? A. a group of Roman Catholics and Protestant called the politiques B. the French Calvinists nobility C. Roman Catholic priests led by the papal nuncio D. a coalition between lower-class Calvinists and Roman Catholics E. the Huguenots.

17. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre A. was the event that sparked the Dutch Revolt. B. resulted in the Concordat of Bologna. C. was caused by the Edict of Nantes. D. exemplified the hatred between French Catholics and Protestants.

18. In the course of the Wars of Religion in France, Catholics found an ally in Spain while Protestants looked to: A. Italy B. England C. Austria D. none of the above.

19. Which of the following is NOT true of the Edict of Nantes? A. it was issued by Henry IV of France B. it allowed the practice of Protestantism in France C. it was responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre D. it was revoked by Louis XIV.

19. Which of the following is NOT true of the Edict of Nantes? A. it was issued by Henry IV of France B. it allowed the practice of Protestantism in France C. it was responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre D. it was revoked by Louis XIV.

20. The Edict of Nantes, as proclaimed by Henry IV of France in 1598: A. established the principle that "as the ruler, so the religion" B. acknowledged the full equality of Protestantism with Catholicism C. deprived the Calvinists of all military rights D. declared Protestantism to be the official state religion E. permitted the Calvinists to worship in specified places and to fortify certain towns against Catholic attacks

21. The phrase "Paris is worth a mass" was attributed to: A. Henry of Navarre B. Catherine de'Medici C. Jean Bodin D. Maximilien Sully.

22.The politiques maintained that: A. a policy of religious toleration was the best for France B. mercantilism as an economic policy would ruin France C. the unlimited power of the papacy should be restored in France D. in spite of French law, Catherine de'Medici should rule France.

23. A politique was A. a political bureaucrat in France B. the governor of a French district C. moderates who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity D. a conservative advisor to the king of France

23. A politique was A. a political bureaucrat in France B. the governor of a French district C. moderates who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity D. a conservative advisor to the king of France

Spain

26. Which of the following resulted from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588? A. the invasion of England was prevented B. Dutch sympathies for the Spanish cause increased C. war broke out between England and France D. a series of uprisings occurred in the Spanish colonies of Central and South America.

27. Philip II shared with Luther and Calvin the belief that A. salvation comes by God's gift of grace. B. church and civil authorities should destroy heresy. C. the state should impose morality on its subjects. D. the pope was not infallible.

27. Philip II shared with Luther and Calvin the belief that A. salvation comes by God's gift of grace. B. church and civil authorities should destroy heresy. C. the state should impose morality on its subjects. D. the pope was not infallible.

28. Which of the following was NOT one of the problems confronting Philip II of Spain? A. the revolt of the Dutch Protestants B. the threat of the English and French in Spain's overseas holdings C. the spread of the Reformation within Spain D. the threat of Ottoman naval power in the Mediterranean Sea.

28. Which of the following was NOT one of the problems confronting Philip II of Spain? A. the revolt of the Dutch Protestants B. the threat of the English and French in Spain's overseas holdings C. the spread of the Reformation within Spain D. the threat of Ottoman naval power in the Mediterranean Sea.

29. The primary causes of the revolt of the Netherlands were the repression of the Calvinists and A. the weakness of Spain. B. high taxes. C. English influence and support for the independence movement. D. the assassination of William the Silent.

30. In 1571 the Spanish ended Turkish control of the Mediterranean at the Battle of A. the Dardanelles B. Gibraltar C. Lepanto D. Halfa

30. In 1571 the Spanish ended Turkish control of the Mediterranean at the Battle of A. the Dardanelles B. Gibraltar C. Lepanto D. Halfa

31. The richest area of Philip II's Hapsburg kingdom was A. Parma B. Netherlands C. Portugal D. Germany

32. The Spanish objective in the Netherlands was to A. establish a major port at Antwerp B. end the Hanseatic League C. make the area politically docile and religiously uniform D. maintain political decentralization in order to disrupt English foreign policy on the Continent

32. The Spanish objective in the Netherlands was to A. establish a major port at Antwerp B. end the Hanseatic League C. make the area politically docile and religiously uniform D. maintain political decentralization in order to disrupt English foreign policy on the Continent

33. The Dutch church represented in the painting below can be identified as Protestant because of: A. its high vaulted ceilings B. the small number of people in attendance C. the absence of pews or chairs D. the plainness of the interior E. its windows at different levels A. its high vaulted ceiling B. the small number of people

33. The Dutch church represented in the painting below can be identified as Protestant because of: A. its high vaulted ceilings B. the small number of people in attendance C. the absence of pews or chairs D.the plainness of the interior E. its windows at different levels A. its high vaulted ceiling B. the small number of people

34. All of the following were factors in Elizabeth I's decision to intervene in the Dutch revolt EXCEPT A. damage to the English wool industry. B. the assassination of William the Silent. C. the fall of Antwerp to the Spanish. D. the impact of inflation on the Spanish economy.

34. All of the following were factors in Elizabeth I's decision to intervene in the Dutch revolt EXCEPT A. damage to the English wool industry. B. the assassination of William the Silent. C. the fall of Antwerp to the Spanish. D. the impact of inflation on the Spanish economy.

35. The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566-1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT A. an alliance with the English Catholics B. the end of the Inquisition C. the end of excessive taxation D. the elimination of the rule of foreign officials E. an alliance with French Protestants.

36. In the Netherlands the unifying religious force came from: A. Lutheranism B. Calvinism C. Unitarianism D. Anabaptism.

37. Prince William of Orange, the "silent", led the people of this region in their struggle for independence: A. Huguenot France B. the Netherlands C. Scotland D. Switzerland

38. In the first half of the seventeenth century, the Austrian Hapsburgs subdued revolt and centralized control in their territories by doing which of the following? A. emancipating the peasantry and encouraging agricultural development B. allying with the urban middle class and encouraging commercial development C. establishing a national church headed by the Hapsburg emperor and redistributing former church properties D. creating a customs union to promote trade and acquiring new territories to supply merchants with raw materials E. waging warfare against rebel groups and supporting the Catholic Reformation.

38. In the first half of the seventeenth century, the Austrian Hapsburgs subdued revolt and centralized control in their territories by doing which of the following? emancipating the peasantry and encouraging agricultural development B. allying with the urban middle class and encouraging commercial development C. establishing a national church headed by the Hapsburg emperor and redistributing former church properties D. creating a customs union to promote trade and acquiring new territories to supply merchants with raw materials E. waging warfare against rebel groups and supporting the Catholic Reformation.

Thirty Years War

39. In the years between 1635 and 1648, the Thirty Years' War became primarily a struggle between the: A. Swedes and Austrians B. Hapsburgs and Bourbons C. Spanish and English D. Stuarts and Valois

B. Hapsburgs and Bourbons 39. In the years between 1635 and 1648, the Thirty Years' War became primarily a struggle between the: A. Swedes and Austrians B. Hapsburgs and Bourbons C. Spanish and English Stuarts and Valois (Henry IV was 1st Bourbon king of France.)

40. The phrase, cuius regio, eius religio, means A. whoever controls the religion may rule B. he who controls the land may determine its religion C. whoever reigns may also serve as head of the religion D. the king should always support the established religion

40. The phrase, cuius regio, eius religio, means A. whoever controls the religion may rule B. he who controls the land may determine its religion C. whoever reigns may also serve as head of the religion D. the king should always support the established religion

41. The Peace of Augsburg included in its provisions A. Anabaptists B. Calvinists and Lutherans C. only Lutherans D. only Calvinists

43. The Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years' War ended with the A. intervention of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. B. Battle of the White Mountain. C. Defenestration of Prague. D. Peace of Westphalia.

43. The Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years' War ended with the A. intervention of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. B. Battle of the White Mountain. C. Defenestration of Prague. D. Peace of Westphalia.

44. French policy during the French (international) phase of the Thirty Years' War was motivated by A. the desire to maintain the political fragmentation of the empire. B. the necessity to support its ally, Spain. C. religious beliefs. D. Richelieu's hatred of the Protestants.

45. The greatest beneficiary of the Thirty Years' War was: A. Spain B. the Holy Roman Empire C. France D. Russia

46. The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Years' War was to A. defend Catholics against German Protestants B. punish the Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus C. reduce the power of the Hapsburgs D. place a Bourbon on the Spanish throne.

47. The long term effect of the Thirty Years' War on the German states was to: A. restrict Lutheranism to southern German states B. initiate a long era of peace and rapid economic recovery C. encourage unification D. devastate the German states' economies E. increase the power of the Holy Roman Empire.

D. devastate the German states' economies 47. The long term effect of the Thirty Years' War on the German states was to: A. restrict Lutheranism to southern German states B. initiate a long era of peace and rapid economic recovery C. encourage unification D. devastate the German states' economies E. increase the power of the Holy Roman Empire.

48. The Peace of Westphalia resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A. enhanced prestige and power for France. B. an increased role for the papacy in German affairs. C. a powerful Swedish presence in northern Germany. D. recognition of the independence of the United Provinces.

48. The Peace of Westphalia resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A. enhanced prestige and power for France. B. an increased role for the papacy in German affairs. C. a powerful Swedish presence in northern Germany. D. recognition of the independence of the United Provinces.

49. The Thirty Years' War was brought to an end by the: A. Edict of Nantes B. Treaty of Westphalia C. Battle of White Mountain D. Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

50. Which of the following was a major result of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)? A. the long-term strengthening of the Holy Roman Empire's authority B. the banning of Calvinism in the German states C. the establishment of strong Russian influence in the northern German states D. the loss of as much as one-third of the German-speaking population through war, plague, and starvation E. the encouragement of rapid economic development in many German-speaking cities.

51. The Thirty Years' War in the seventeenth century was: A. primarily a religious struggle between the Papal States and the Protestant German states B. a complex conflict sustained by religious disagreements, German constitutional arguments, and international power struggles C. a political conflict rooted in English efforts to dominate the continent D. the first of the humane wars that characterized modern European history E. triggered by the efforts of the Spanish to overthrow the Protestant monarchy in England.

51. The Thirty Years' War in the seventeenth century was: A. primarily a religious struggle between the Papal States and the Protestant German states B. a complex conflict sustained by religious disagreements, German constitutional arguments, and international power struggles C. a political conflict rooted in English efforts to dominate the continent D. the first of the humane wars that characterized modern European history E. triggered by the efforts of the Spanish to overthrow the Protestant monarchy in England.

Decline of Denmark as a Baltic power 52. The most important political and military result of the Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia was the: Decline of Denmark as a Baltic power Decline of the Ottoman Empire as a great power Rise of the English naval power Rise of Russia as a great power Rise of France as a great power

Exploration

53. He began the Portuguese efforts to find an all-sea route to the Far East? A. Pedro Cabral B. Prince Henry the Navigator C. Bartholomew Diaz D. King John III.

54. All of the following were invented in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries EXCEPT: A. firearms B. moveable printing type C. the compound microscope D. the compass E. the flying shuttle

54. All of the following were invented in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries EXCEPT: A. firearms B. moveable printing type C. the compound microscope D. the compass E. the flying shuttle

55. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494: A.recognized English claims in North America B.divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal C.was the first European treaty entered into with the Chinese D.saw the state of Muscovy lay claim to Siberia.

57. As Europeans pushed overseas, the region which they were slowest in penetrating was: A. Mexico B. sub-Saharan Africa C. India D. southeast Asia.

57. As Europeans pushed overseas, the region which they were slowest in penetrating was: A. Mexico B. sub-Saharan Africa C. India D. southeast Asia.

58. Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean? A. John Cabot B. Vasco da Gama C. Bartholomew Diaz D. Amerigo Vespucci E. Ferdinand Magellan

59. The results of the Spanish colonization of the New World included all of the following EXCEPT: A. shift of Europe's economic focus from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic seaboard B. the development of an important and permanent gold supply for Europe C. economic growth in western Europe during the sixteenth century D. a large cost of life among the native population of the colonial territories.

59. The results of the Spanish colonization of the New World included all of the following EXCEPT: A. shift of Europe's economic focus from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic seaboard B. the development of an important and permanent gold supply for Europe C. economic growth in western Europe during the sixteenth century D. a large cost of life among the native population of the colonial territories.

A. Muslims. B. Venetians. C. Spanish. D. Byzantines. 60. Before the Portuguese gained control of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the trade had been controlled by the A. Muslims. B. Venetians. C. Spanish. D. Byzantines.

61. Called the "Father of the Indians", he devoted his energies to the protection of the indigenous people of the Spanish New World: A. Bartolome de las Casas B. Antonio Pigafetta C. Henri Mouhoy D. Francisco de Coronado

A. Bartolome de las Casas 61. Called the "Father of the Indians", he devoted his energies to the protection of the indigenous people of the Spanish New World: A. Bartolome de las Casas B. Antonio Pigafetta C. Henri Mouhoy D. Francisco de Coronado

62. English claims to territories in North America were based on the exploratory activity of: A. Thomas Wolsey B. Sir Francis Drake C. John Cabot D. Roger Williams

62. English claims to territories in North America were based on the exploratory activity of: A. Thomas Wolsey B. Sir Francis Drake C. John Cabot D. Roger Williams

63. Fifteenth-century Europeans were forced to look westward because of the territorial expansion by the A. Byzantines. B. Magyars. C. Ottoman Turks. D. Russians.

64. The ability of relatively small European forces to conquer the powerful Aztec and Incan empires can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT A. lack of immunity to European diseases among Aztec and Incan peoples B. superior European military technology C. ineffective defenses of Aztec and Incan cities D. indigenous people's lack of familiarity with horses E. successful European missionary activity

64. The ability of relatively small European forces to conquer the powerful Aztec and Incan empires can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT A. lack of immunity to European diseases among Aztec and Incan peoples B. superior European military technology C. ineffective defenses of Aztec and Incan cities D. indigenous people's lack of familiarity with horses E. successful European missionary activity

65. European overseas expansion was facilitated by all of the following innovations EXCEPT the A. use of sail power. B. caravel. C. mounting of cannon on naval vessels. D. astrolabe.

65. European overseas expansion was facilitated by all of the following innovations EXCEPT the A. use of sail power. B. caravel. C. mounting of cannon on naval vessels. D. astrolabe.

66. "Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive 66. "Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive." This statement was a contemporary characterization of: A. the launching of the Spanish Armada B. the execution of Charles I C. the posting of the Ninety-five Theses D. new religious orders such as the Ursulines E. Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World.

E. Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World. 66. "Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive." This statement was a contemporary characterization of: A. the launching of the Spanish Armada B. the execution of Charles I C. the posting of the Ninety-five Theses D. new religious orders such as the Ursulines E. Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World.

67. The establishment of the routes around Africa to the Orient in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries ultimately weakened the commercial primacy of the: A. Italian city-states B. Byzantine Empire C. Hanseatic League D. Low Countries.

67. The establishment of the routes around Africa to the Orient in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries ultimately weakened the commercial primacy of the: A. Italian city-states B. Byzantine Empire C. Hanseatic League D. Low Countries.

68. By the late seventeenth century, witchcraft trials and executions had declined in western Europe in part because of: A. popular uprisings and peasant resistance against persecution B. growing feminist protest against persecution C. official church rejection of the concept of witches D. increased disbelief among elites in the concept of witches E. a declining number of women practicing mid-wifery

D. increased disbelief among elites in the concept of witches 68. By the late seventeenth century, witchcraft trials and executions had declined in western Europe in part because of: A. popular uprisings and peasant resistance against persecution B. growing feminist protest against persecution C. official church rejection of the concept of witches D. increased disbelief among elites in the concept of witches E. a declining number of women practicing mid-wifery

69. Prince Henry II of Portugal is significant for his A. role in subduing the Dutch revolt. B. support of exploration. C. support of the Protestants in the Thirty Years' War. D. opposition to slavery.

70. In the mid-sixteenth century, the commercial capital of the European world was A. Lisbon. B. Madrid. C. London. D. Antwerp.

70. In the mid-sixteenth century, the commercial capital of the European world was A. Lisbon. B. Madrid. C. London. D. Antwerp.

71. The Dutch East India Company represents the A. role of Spanish silver in the economic vitality of the Low Countries. B. commercial imperialism of the Dutch. C. peaceful introduction of Christianity into India. D. Calvinist missionary activity supported by the United Provinces.

72. The primary motivation for European explorers was A. material profit. B. population pressure. C. crusading zeal. D. Renaissance curiosity.

73. English entrepreneurs financed the establishment of New World colonies primarily through: A. Subsidies and loans from the royal family B. Private funds from the creation of joint stock companies C. Investment funds from European national banks D. Profits received from pirate activities and attacks on Spanish fleets E. Money and materials borrowed from the Dutch

B. Private funds from the creation of joint stock companies 73. English entrepreneurs financed the establishment of New World colonies primarily through: A. Subsidies and loans from the royal family B. Private funds from the creation of joint stock companies C. Investment funds from European national banks D. Profits received from pirate activities and attacks on Spanish fleets E. Money and materials borrowed from the Dutch

Life/culture Peter Paul Rubens

74. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Protestants A. believed marriage should be based on love. B. saw marriage as a contract between husband and wife. C. and Catholics viewed marriage as a permanent union. D. encouraged marriages arranged by parents.

74. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Protestants A. believed marriage should be based on love. B. saw marriage as a contract between husband and wife. C. and Catholics viewed marriage as a permanent union. D. encouraged marriages arranged by parents.

75. Peter Paul Rubens is best remembered as A. a painter whose work exemplifies the sensuality of baroque painting. B. the leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish. C. a Huguenot leader in France. D. the writer who developed the essay as a literary genre.

76. The great witch hunt reflects the A. increased role of witchcraft among Europeans of the era. B. impact of tolerant attitudes produced by the Reformation. C. changing status of women. D. anxiety created by the European discovery of the Americas.

76. The great witch hunt reflects the A. increased role of witchcraft among Europeans of the era. B. impact of tolerant attitudes produced by the Reformation. C. changing status of women. D. anxiety created by the European discovery of the Americas.

77. The dominant characteristic of Michel de Montaigne's writings was his A. piety. B. French nationalism. C. dogmatic Catholicism. D. tolerant sensitivity.

77. The dominant characteristic of Michel de Montaigne's writings was his A. piety. B. French nationalism. dogmatic Catholicism. tolerant sensitivity.

78. Baroque art was A. reserved for rich patrons and the educated elite. B. intended to kindle the faith of the common people. C. banned in Protestant countries. D. simple and austere, lacking in emotion.

78. Baroque art was A. reserved for rich patrons and the educated elite. B. intended to kindle the faith of the common people. C. banned in Protestant countries. D. simple and austere, lacking in emotion.

79. In early modern Europe, women were accused of practicing witchcraft more often than men because of the belief that women : A. lived longer B. had too much political power C. had more money D. were more prone to violence E. were more vulnerable to temptation

80. Baroque art of the seventeenth century has tended to be associated with: A. the Catholic Counter-Reformation B. the rising middle class C. the anti-religious attitudes of the new scientists D. all of the above

81. The first important operas, creations of the baroque age, were written in: A. Paris B. Munich C. London D. Venice

81. The first important operas, creations of the baroque age, were written in: A. Paris B. Munich C. London D. Venice

82. He was best known for his design of St. Paul's Cathedral in London: A. Sir Christopher Wren B. Thomas Hobbes C. Henry Purcell D. John Milton

82. He was best known for his design of St. Paul's Cathedral in London: A. Sir Christopher Wren B. Thomas Hobbes C. Henry Purcell D. John Milton

83. Religious change in the seventeenth century Netherlands led to: A great vitality in intellectual and artisitic life An emphasis on decorative rather than fine arts A rebirth of fresco painting in the churches The exclusion of women artists from portrait painting The establishment of official censorship to purge Catholic influences from the arts

83. Religious change in the seventeenth century Netherlands led to: A great vitality in intellectual and artistic life An emphasis on decorative rather than fine arts A rebirth of fresco painting in the churches The exclusion of women artists from portrait painting The establishment of official censorship to purge Catholic influences from the arts

84. During the Thirty Years’ War, France pursued a policy of: Supporting the Hapsburgs against the Protestant princes and rulers Allowing French Protestants to fight for the Protestants even though the monarchy supported the Roman Catholics Supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs Remaining neutral Opposing England in order to recapture Normandy

85. A primary goal of Philip II of Spain was to: Grant toleration to religious minorities Create a monarchy accessible to the people Reunite the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs Strengthen the Spanish economy Maintain Spanish control of the Netherlands

85. A primary goal of Philip II of Spain was to: Grant toleration to religious minorities Create a monarchy accessible to the people Reunite the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs Strengthen the Spanish economy Maintain Spanish control of the Netherlands

86. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following? Undisputed control over central Europe by the Hapsburgs The creation of a strong central government to rule the Holy Roman Empire The guaranteed independence of numerous small German states An end to the Hundred Years’ War An end to the persecution of Protestants in the Hapsburg Empire

86. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following? Undisputed control over central Europe by the Hapsburgs The creation of a strong central government to rule the Holy Roman Empire The guaranteed independence of numerous small German states An end to the Hundred Years’ War An end to the persecution of Protestants in the Hapsburg Empire

Portuguese commercial expansion overseas in the sixteenth century resulted in: A. military conflicts with Arab explorers over the religious conversion of indigenous peoples B. seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases C. the discovery of the Christian ruler of Ethiopia, Prester John D. the sacking of Istanbul by Portuguese explorers E. the destruction of the Dutch East India Company  

Portuguese commercial expansion overseas in the sixteenth century resulted in: A. military conflicts with Arab explorers over the religious conversion of indigenous peoples B. seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases C. the discovery of the Christian ruler of Ethiopia, Prester John D. the sacking of Istanbul by Portuguese explorers E. the destruction of the Dutch East India Company  

The Edict of Nantes in 1598 did which of the following? A. ensured Anglo-French cooperation throughout the seventeenth century B. created a French church separated from papal authority C. ended the War of Spanish Succession D. proclaimed the toleration of Calvinism E. precipitated the French Wars of religion.

The massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day (1572) was directed against: A. Catherine de Medici and her followers in Paris B. Anabaptists in the Netherlands C. Roman Catholics throughout the German states D. peasant rebels in the southern German states E. Huguenots in France

The massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day (1572) was directed against: A. Catherine de Medici and her followers in Paris B. Anabaptists in the Netherlands C. Roman Catholics throughout the German states D. peasant rebels in the southern German states E. Huguenots in France E