The American Civil War 1861-1865

Lincoln’s First Inauguration March 4, 1861

Confederates Took Fort Sumter April 4, 1861

Confederates Took Fort Sumter April 4, 1861

Lincoln Calls For Volunteers April 14, 1861

Virginia Seceded April 17, 1861

Three More States Seceded Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina West VA seceded from VA Border States Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, and Delaware Slave states that remained in the Union

Resources of Each Side Northern Southern 21 states Over 21 million people Superior manufacturing and food production 2/3 of country’s railroad mileage Superior Civilian Leadership 11 states 9 million people 4 million were slaves Defending own soil Superior Military Leadership More accustomed to guns and horses Cotton

Marching to Manassas July 18, 1861 – 1st battle – Bull Run – (Manassas) people from DC came in carriages and had picnics to watch the fight

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) Union – 30,000 troops Confederates 20,000

First Battle of Bull Run First Manassas July 21, 1861 Attempt to capture Richmond Union met with resistance at Bull Run Creek Union had initial advantage Confederate forces led by Thomas Jackson turned the tide Stonewall Union Army forced to retreat back to Washington

Stonewall Jackson General Thomas Jackson CSA – gets nickname “Stonewall” His troops held their position while southern army retreated Inspired Confederate soldiers to keep fighting

Rebel Yell Southerners counter attacked with “rebel yell” drove back Yanks Union line broken and retreat South did not chase

Effects of the First Battle of Bull Run

Effects of the First Battle of Bull Run Taught north it would be a long fight Lincoln call up 1 million man army Southerners felt more confident

Effects of the First Battle of Bull Run McClellan made General of the Northern Army

The Anaconda Plan Three Pronged Union Strategy Capture Richmond Blockade the Confederacy Divide the Confederacy

Fired after defeat at Bull Run Union Generals Fired after defeat at Bull Run General McDowell

Union Generals General McClellan Replaces McDowell

Naval War Union blockaded the South As war continued blockade became more effective

South developed fleet of blockade runners to try to continue trade

USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia (Merrimack) Both were iron clad ships

USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia (Merrimack) Both were iron clad ships

First fight ever between iron ships Battle was a draw

First fight ever between iron ships Marks the beginning of modern naval warfare

South controlled Shenandoah Valley Eastern Front South controlled Shenandoah Valley

Peninsula Campaign McClellan (Union) led several campaigns to attack Richmond Was very cautious with his plans

General Robert E Lee used JEB Stuart to lead cavalry to stop McClellan Confederates win Seven Days Battle

Lee defeated Union Army at 2nd Battle of Bull Run Puts Confederates close to Washington DC

Lee’s Invasion of North

Goals of Lee’s Invasion Force Lincoln to talk peace Farmers get to harvest food in VA Show Europe South can win South need Europe for military and financial support Lee’s Invasion of North

Lee plans to attack Sharpsburg, Maryland North discovers Lee’s plan and launches a surprise attack against the Confederates

Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) North and South fight all day

Antietam One of the Bloodiest battles of the war 23,000 killed or wounded

Antietam One of the Bloodiest battles of the war 23,000 killed or wounded McClellan (Union) allows Lee and Confederates to escape following the battle

Union Generals General McClellan Fired after Antietam for not pursuing Lee

Union Generals General Burnside Replaces McClellan

Effects of Antietam Europe does not ally with CSA Lincoln originally fought war only to preserve the Union After Antietam Lincoln decides to issue Emancipation Proclamation

Old South will be destroyed and replaced with new values Emancipation Proclamation Frees all slaves in REBELLING states on January 1, 1863 Old South will be destroyed and replaced with new values

Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Emancipation Proclamation Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North?

Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Emancipation Proclamation Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Freeing slaves in South seen as military action As Commander in Chief (head of military) Lincoln can take military actions

Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Emancipation Proclamation Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Freeing slaves in South seen as military action As Commander in Chief (head of military) Lincoln can take military actions Can’t free slaves in north because of Constitution Government can’t take property without due process Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri might secede

Black Americans Join Up Emancipation Proclamation also allows blacks into US Army Fought under white commanders and had unequal pay and duties Used them for support work 54th Massachusetts – Glory

Black Americans Join Up Emancipation Proclamation also allows blacks into US Army Fought under white commanders and had unequal pay and duties Used them for support work 54th Massachusetts – Glory

Black Americans Join Up Emancipation Proclamation also allows blacks into US Army Fought under white commanders and had unequal pay and duties Used them for support work 54th Massachusetts – Glory

Western Front

Union Army based in Cairo Illinois Mississippi River Ohio River

Union Army based in Cairo Illinois Union is able to get control over rivers that lead into South

Western Commander US Army War in the West General Grant Western Commander US Army

War in the West Fort Donelson Fort Henry Victories give US control over Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers Gets US access to Deep South

Battle of Shiloh 52,000 Union Soldiers 41,000 Confederate Soldiers

General Johnston (CSA) killed – Beauregard takes over Battle of Shiloh - Dead 13,000 Union Soldiers 11,000 Confederate Soldiers General Johnston (CSA) killed – Beauregard takes over Union wins on counter attack by Grant

Admiral Farragut (USA) takes New Orleans Gives control of Mississippi River to Union except for Vicksburg Mississippi

Union Generals General McClellan General Burnside General Hooker Fired after Antietam for not pursuing Lee Fired after Fredericksburg for losing to Lee Fired after Chancellorsville for losing to Lee

General Meade given control of Union Army General McClellan Union Generals General Burnside General Hooker Fired after Antietam for not pursuing Lee Fired after Fredericksburg for losing to Lee General Meade given control of Union Army Fired after Chancellorsville for losing to Lee

Summer 1863 Lee goes north again --- Out of supplies --- Wanted to force peace Blue Ridge Mountains

Confederates attack Buford’s Cavalry at Cemetery Hill near Gettysburg Heth Buford Pender

Confederates attack Buford’s Cavalry at Cemetery Hill near Gettysburg Heth Buford Pender Buford holds off superior CSA forces until Union reinforcements arrive

Armies compete for control of high grounds Little and Big Round Top become major objectives

Armies compete for control of high grounds Little and Big Round Top become major objectives

Pickett’s Charge 15,000 Confederate soldiers attack Union positions Confederates make it to Ridge, but are driven back

Gettysburg marks the “high water” point of the Confederacy Gettysburg is the turning point of the Civil War Confederates never go on the offensive again

Meade does not pursue Lee Gettysburg marks the “high water” point of the Confederacy Gettysburg is the turning point of the Civil War Confederates never go on the offensive again Meade does not pursue Lee

Gettysburg Address Lincoln gives speech at dedication of a military cemetery in Gettysburg States that the Union is fighting to save democracy for the World

Gettysburg Address “It is … for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us … that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain --- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom --- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”

Battle of Vicksburg Union wanted to divide South at Mississippi River Union had total control except Vicksburg MS and New Orleans

Battle of Vicksburg Ulysses Grant led Union attack against Vicksburg from river and land

Battle of Vicksburg Grant wins and gets complete control of Mississippi for Union

Civil War Battle Hospital 220,000 die from disease in North Didn’t have antiseptics (anti germ drugs) or anesthetics (pain killers) Doctors would perform surgery without anesthetics

Women in the War Women joined to cook and take care of men Women passed as men to fight in the war Women served as nurses Worked farms and businesses at home

Clara Barton Served as a nurse during war Created aid society to support soldiers

Created Soldiers Aid Society Elizabeth Blackwell Created Soldiers Aid Society Inspected health conditions of hospitals in war