H EAT T RANSFER IN THE A TMOSPHERE

R EVIEW TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY OF MOTION OF EACH PARTICLE IN A SUBSTANCE.THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY OF MOTION OF EACH PARTICLE IN A SUBSTANCE. HEAT TRANSFER TYPESHEAT TRANSFER TYPES –CONDUCTION = HEAT TRANSFER BY OBJECTS IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER –CONVECTION = HEAT TRANSFER BY THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES IN A FLUID –RADIATION = HEAT TRANSFER WITHOUT THE OBJECTS COMING IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER

WHAT HAPPENS TO DENSITY WHEN TEMPERATURE INCREASES?

WHAT HAPPENS TO DENSITY WHEN TEMPERATURE DECREASES?

C HANGES IN P HASES OF M ATTER TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY INCREASING TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY DECREASING G AS L IQUID S OLID

Phase Changes In order to change from:A substance must:The molecules move: Solid to LiquidIncrease heat energy Faster and farther apart Liquid to GasIncrease heat energy Faster and farther apart Gas to LiquidDecrease heat energy Slower and closer together Liquid to SolidDecrease heat energy Slower and closer together

H EAT T RANSFER AT THE M OLECULAR L EVEL MOLECULES WITHIN A SUBSTANCE TRANSFER THEIR HEAT ENERGY WHEN THEY COLLIDE WITH EACH OTHERMOLECULES WITHIN A SUBSTANCE TRANSFER THEIR HEAT ENERGY WHEN THEY COLLIDE WITH EACH OTHER THE CLOSER MOLECULES ARE (more dense), THE FASTER HEAT ENERGY WILL BE TRANSFERREDTHE CLOSER MOLECULES ARE (more dense), THE FASTER HEAT ENERGY WILL BE TRANSFERRED ASSUMING THAT THE DIFFERENT PHASES ARE MADE OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE, SOLIDS TRANSFER HEAT FASTEST, FOLLOWED BY LIQUIDS, AND GASES ARE THE SLOWESTASSUMING THAT THE DIFFERENT PHASES ARE MADE OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE, SOLIDS TRANSFER HEAT FASTEST, FOLLOWED BY LIQUIDS, AND GASES ARE THE SLOWEST

T EMPERATURE VS. D ENSITY CONTINUED EVEN WITHIN THE SAME STATE OF MATTER, WARMER SUBSTANCES EXPAND AND BECOME LESS DENSE THAN COOLER SUBSTANCESEVEN WITHIN THE SAME STATE OF MATTER, WARMER SUBSTANCES EXPAND AND BECOME LESS DENSE THAN COOLER SUBSTANCES THE EIFFEL TOWER IS 8 INCHES TALLER IN THE SUMMER THAN IN THE WINTER HOT WATER AT THE BOTTOM OF A POT OF BOILING WATER RISES WHILE COOL WATER FROM THE TOP SINKS (CREATES CONVECTION CURRENTS) WARM AIR RISES AND COOL AIR SINKS (CREATES CONVECTION CURRENTS)

C ONVECTION C URRENTS U NDERGROUND MAGMA IS HEATED BY THE EARTH’S CORE A S MAGMA EXPANDS FROM THE ADDITIONAL HEAT, IT BECOMES LESS DENSE AND RISES TO THE SURFACE MAGMA LOSES HEAT ENERGY TO THE CRUST AS IT PUSHES THE SURFACE PLATES A S THE MAGMA COOLS, IT CONTRACTS AND BECOMES MORE DENSE SO IT SINKS BACK TOWARD THE CORE

C ONVECTION C URRENTS IN THE A IR THE COOLER AIR RUSHES TO FILL THE VOID LEFT BY THE RISING WARM AIR (CREATING WIND) THE WARM AIR COOLS AS IT RISES (TEMPERATURES IN THE TROPOSPHERE FALL AS ALTITUDE INCREASES) AS THE AIR COOLS, IT CONTRACTS AND FALLS BACK TOWARD EARTH’S SURFACE AS THE AIR IS WARMED BY HEAT RADIATING BACK FROM THE EARTH, IT EXPANDS AND RISES

T EMPERATURE VS. A LTITUDE AS ALTITUDE INCREASES:AS ALTITUDE INCREASES: TEMPERATURE IN THE TROPOSPHERE DECREASESTEMPERATURE IN THE TROPOSPHERE DECREASES TEMPERATURE IN THE STRATOSPHERE INCREASESTEMPERATURE IN THE STRATOSPHERE INCREASES TEMPERATURE IN THE MESOSPHERE DECREASESTEMPERATURE IN THE MESOSPHERE DECREASES TEMPERATURE IN THE THERMOSPHERE INCREASESTEMPERATURE IN THE THERMOSPHERE INCREASES

W HY DOES T EMPERATURE F ALL AS YOU GO U P IN THE T ROPOSPHERE ? EARTH’S SURFACE IS HEATED BY RADIATION FROM THE SUN (SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS HEAT MORE QUICKLY THAN GASES)EARTH’S SURFACE IS HEATED BY RADIATION FROM THE SUN (SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS HEAT MORE QUICKLY THAN GASES) AIR IN THE LOWER TROPOSPHERE IS WARMED BY HEAT RADIATING BACK OFF OF EARTH’S SURFACEAIR IN THE LOWER TROPOSPHERE IS WARMED BY HEAT RADIATING BACK OFF OF EARTH’S SURFACE RADIATED HEAT IS TRAPPED BY “GREENHOUSE GASES” (MOSTLY CO 2 AND METHANE)RADIATED HEAT IS TRAPPED BY “GREENHOUSE GASES” (MOSTLY CO 2 AND METHANE) GREENHOUSE GASES ARE FOUND IN THEIR HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS CLOSE TO THE EARTH’S SURFACEGREENHOUSE GASES ARE FOUND IN THEIR HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS CLOSE TO THE EARTH’S SURFACE THERE IS NOT ENOUGH RADIATED HEAT ENERGY LEFT TO HEAT THE AIR IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERETHERE IS NOT ENOUGH RADIATED HEAT ENERGY LEFT TO HEAT THE AIR IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE

W HY DOES T EMPERATURE R ISE AS YOU GO U P IN THE S TRATOSPHERE ? UPPER LAYER OF STRATOSPHERE HAS HIGH CONCENTRATION OF OZONE (OZONE LAYER) OZONE ABSORBS ENERGY FROM UV RADIATION FROM THE SUN EXTRA ENERGY CAUSES MOLECULES TO MOVE FASTER AND COLLIDE MORE, WHICH LEADS TO HIGHER TEMPERATURES

W HY DOES T EMPERATURE F ALL AS YOU GO U P IN THE M ESOSPHERE ? T HE MOLECULES IN THE MESOSPHERE ARE SPREAD VERY FAR APART ( LOW DENSITY ) –D ESPITE ITS LOW DENSITY, IT IS STILL MORE DENSE THAN THE NEXT LAYER ABOVE IT ( THE THERMOSPHERE ) WHICH IS WHY METEOROIDS BURN UP FROM THE FRICTION HERE AS A RESULT, THE MOLECULES DO NOT COLLIDE OFTEN FEWER COLLISIONS OF MOLECULES RELEASES LESS HEAT, SO TEMPERATURES ARE LOWER

W HY DOES T EMPERATURE R ISE AS YOU GO U P IN THE T HERMOSPHERE ? THE THERMOSPHERE IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE SO IT IS SUBJECTED TO MORE DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION THAN ANY OTHER LAYER THIS EXTREME RADIATION LEADS TO THE IONIZATION (LOSING AND GAINING ELECTRONS) OF MANY AIR MOLECULES –THESE IONS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE AURORA BOREALIS (NORTHERN LIGHTS) IONS TEND TO ABSORB AND CONDUCT ENERGY (INCLUDING HEAT ENERGY) VERY WELL SO THE TEMPERATURE RISES BECAUSE THE DENSITY OF THIS LAYER IS SO LOW, YOU COULD ACTUALLY FREEZE TO DEATH DESPITE THE 1000 o C TEMPERATURES (NOT ENOUGH MOLECULES TO TRANSFER HEAT TO YOUR SKIN)