Gender and IWRM How to integrate Gender Concerns into IWRM By Soumaya Ibrahim

Tools for mainstreaming Gender At : 1. The Analysis phase 2. The Planning phase 2. The Planning phase

Tools for the Gender Analysis Gender Division of Labor Gender Division of Labor Frequency and time spent Access to and Control over resources and Benefits Access to and Control over resources and Benefits Influencing Factors Influencing Factors

 Before the analysis the information is gathered through various tools such as : Desk reviews Household Interviews Focus Group Discussion Focus Group Discussion Direct Observation Direct Observation Semi-Structured Interviews Semi-Structured Interviews Case Study Case Study Stakeholder workshop Stakeholder workshop Trend Analysis Trend Analysis Day-time Use Analysis Day-time Use Analysis

Gender Division Of Labor Matrix LocationTimeFrequencyMen/BoysWomen/Girls Socio- Economic Activities FemaleMale Productive Activities Paid Labor Homealways Giving water to small animals & camels Repair of water tabs Unpaid Labor Homealways Discharge of waste water either in canals, street or trenches Reproductiv e Activities Attend water board meetings Community Management

Table: Patterns of Women's Water management Agriculture Water Consumption Animal Water Consumption Household Water Consumption Sector Watering Poultry and small animalsOften: Repair of water tabs/ Always Discharge of waste water in slums Urban Sector Often : open water to the field Supervise water in the field. More responsible when land is planted with clover or cotton and men if vegetables) Arrange with and pay laborers In lower Egypt dig & clean ditches Sometimes: Participates on the household level on the selection of the crop and the time of irrigation. Seldom: Participates in Water user Associations Seldom/Never Attends or receives information from Irrigation Extension staff Always: use of water for small animals (goats & Sheep& poultry) Sometimes: Drinking for buffaloes & cows especially when close or in the house. Bath cows and buffaloes in the canal or using ground water Water used during bread baking is health & given to animals to drink Always: Discharge of domestic waste water either in street, canal, trenches or fields Seldom Wash clothes or dishes in canal is done when women have a light load in their household chores as it is considered a recreation to meet with other women. Women do not cooperate directly in water management on community level, in case of installation or repairing of sewage system. Rural Sector Sometimes Use water for the small garden behind their houses (if available) Always responsible for watering small animals and sometimes camels Always: Discharge of domestic wastewater. Water used for washing vegetables is given to animals to drink Usually: Arranging for household water Desert Areas

Access to and control over Resources and Benefits Control over Access to VariableResources FemaleMaleFemaleMale seldomAlwaysalwaysCapital/land seldomAlwaysalways Appropriate Technology neverAlwaysSeldom/neverEducation/Training sometimesAlwaysoftenTransportation seldomAlwaysseldomInformation sometimesAlwaysoften Market Facilities Always f. repr. Seldom f.prodcutive Always Always f. repr. Benefits Income used for reproductive/ productive neveralwayssometimes Status/Power recognition

Factors influencing the mainstreaming of Gender concerns in IWRM Economic conditions : poverty level, income distribution, inflation rate, international trade relation, structural adjustment programme.] Economic conditions : poverty level, income distribution, inflation rate, international trade relation, structural adjustment programme.] Demographic conditions: fertility rate, labor supply, internal migration patterns. Demographic conditions: fertility rate, labor supply, internal migration patterns. Culture: prevalent norms and values, ethnicity. Culture: prevalent norms and values, ethnicity. Legislation and regulations: national development policies. Legislation and regulations: national development policies. Training and educational levels: training facilities. Training and educational levels: training facilities. Institutional arrangements: nature of government institutions, workers organizations, NGOs, CDA. Institutional arrangements: nature of government institutions, workers organizations, NGOs, CDA.

Factors influencing the mainstreaming of Gender concerns in IWRM ConstraintOpportunityDescription Poor women lack resources & suffer from low level of infrastructure Economic conditions Women become overloaded with responsibility of managing the farms Due to migrating husbands, women were given the chance to get involved in WM Demographic Too many stereotypes cement women in their traditional images culture Women do not attend training (field days) Training Women do not attend meetings due to their triple roles, late meeting hours, remote locations. Institutional arrangement

Mainstreaming Gender Concerns in the Planning of IWRM Adapted from CIDA Adapted from CIDA To promote gender mainstreaming on all levels of IWRM (Social, Institutional, Policy) Development Results Enabling Results Management Results

Development Results ActivitiesOutputOutcomes Appoint female extension staff Appoint female extension staff Arrange or involve women in field demonstration sessions Arrange or involve women in field demonstration sessions Increased access by women to skills training Enhanced access and control by women over resources & benefits Conduct awareness raising for women and men regarding economic, political & social rights to participation Conduct awareness raising for women and men regarding economic, political & social rights to participation Increase capacity of water associations to work towards gender equality Increase capacity of water associations to work towards gender equality Reduction of constraints impeding women ’ s participation Enhanced participation of women with men in decision-making

Enabling Results ActivitiesOutputOutcome Form partnerships among key partners Form partnerships among key partners Establishment of an enabling environment Enhanced partnership in working effectively towards gender mainstreaming Develop capacity and consolidate expertise in Egypt Develop capacity and consolidate expertise in Egypt Availability of gender training courses and expertise Enhanced sustained capacity to mainstream gender results in work Share knowledge/tools and lessons learned Share knowledge/tools and lessons learned Strategies and tool kit on Gender mainstreaming are available Enhanced use and sharing of information & tools

Management Results ActivitiesOutputOutcome Allocate human & financial resources necessary Allocate human & financial resources necessary Field-staff is knowledgeable on Gender issues & able to conduct policy dialogue Appropriately trained staff Establish mechanism for Information Management and Technology Establish mechanism for Information Management and Technology Effective flow of communication and information Effective Information systems of Gender mainstreaming Establish processes to implement & review gender strategy Establish processes to implement & review gender strategy Established Management structure to support implementation of Gender Equality Appropriate management systems to support mainstreaming of gender