Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 12 Life-Span Development

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Life-Span Development 1.Prenatal Development 2.Physical and Perceptual Development in Infancy and Childhood 3.Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood 4.Social Development in Infancy and Childhood 5.Development of Gender Roles 6.Moral Development 7.Adolescence 8.Adulthood and Old Age

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Prenatal Development  Stages of Prenatal Development  Zygotic Stage  Embryonic Stage  Fetal Stage  Threats to Normal Prenatal Development  Malnutrition  Teratogens

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 12.1: Differentiation and Development of the Sex Organs

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Physical and Perceptual Development in Infancy and Childhood  Motor Development  Maturation  Practice  Perceptual Development  Form Perception  Distance Perception

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood  The Importance of a Responsive Environment  The Work of Jean Piaget  Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development  Applying Information-Processing Models to Cognitive Development

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Piaget’s Four Periods of Cognitive Development  Sensorimotor Period  Object Permanence  Preoperational Period  Egocentrism  Conservation  Period of Concrete Operations  Period of Formal Operations

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 12.6: Conservation F 12.5

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development  Believed culture was important for cognitive development  Around age seven a child uses more inner speech which represents the internalization of words and concepts

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Applying Information-Processing Models to Cognitive Development  Changes in Cognitive Processes  Changes in Cognitive Content  Theory of Mind

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Social Development in Infancy and Childhood  Behaviors of the Infant That Foster Attachment  The Nature and Quality of Attachment  Approaches to Child Rearing  Interactions with Peers

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Behaviors of the Infant That Foster Attachment  Sucking  Cuddling  Looking  Smiling and Imitation  Crying

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Nature and Quality of Attachment  Stranger anxiety is when a child is wary and/or fearful in the presence of strangers  May be demonstrated by crying or clinging to their caregivers  Separation Anxiety is a fearful response exhibited by a child when its caregiver leaves

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Approaches to Child Rearing  Authoritarian parents : “You know better than that! Don’t you ever play with a ball in the yard again. Now go to your bedroom and don’t come out until I tell you to. And I’m withholding your allowance until the window is paid for.”  Permissive parents: “Well, don’t worry about it. These things happen; it was an accident. I’ll talk to our neighbor.”

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Approaches to Child Rearing  Authoritative parents: “You know better than that—you agreed not to play with the ball in the yard. Now you know why we made that rule. Go get the broom and the dustpan and offer to clean up this mess. When you finish, go to your bedroom and wait for me. I want to talk to you some more about how we’re going to pay for the window.”  Indifferent parents: “Now you’re in trouble. I don’t care what you do about it, but just don’t come crying to me about it!”

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Interactions with Peers  Harlow and colleagues (1974) found that social contact with peers is essential to an infant monkey’s social development.  An infant monkey that is raised with only a cuddly surrogate mother can still develop into a reasonably normal adult if it has peers to play with

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Development of Gender Roles  The Nature of Gender Differences  Biological Causes  Cultural Causes

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Nature of Gender Differences  Gender identity is one’s private sense of being male or female  Gender roles are the cultural expectation about the way in which men and women behave and think  Gender Stereotypes are beliefs about differences between the behaviors, abilities, and personality traits of males and females

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Moral Development  Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development  Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development  Evaluation of Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s Theories of Moral Development

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development  Moral realism is the first stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development  Includes egocentrism and blind adherence to rules  Morality of cooperation is the second stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development  Includes recognition of rules as social conventions

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development  Preconventional level  Morality of punishment and obedience  Morality of naïve instrumental hedonism  Conventional level  Morality of maintaining good relations  Morality of maintaining social order  Postconventional level  Morality of social contracts  Morality of universal ethical principles  Morality of cosmic orientation

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Evaluation of Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s Theories of Moral Development  Critics of Piaget and Kohlberg point out that the stages of moral development are, to a certain degree, products of the measuring instruments

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Adolescence  Physical Development  Cognitive Development  Social Development

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Physical Development Puberty is the period during which people’s reproductive systems mature, marking the beginning of the transition from childhood to adulthood  Sexual Maturation  Behavioral Effects of Puberty

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Cognitive Development  Researchers suggest that there are two reasoning systems:  Analytic processing system  Experiential processing system  Klaczynski, 2004

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Social Development  Forming an Identity  Identity and Self-Perception  Sexuality  Relations with Parents

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Social Development Figure 12.10: Marcia’s Four Identity Statuses

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Social Development  Sexuality  At least half of all males and females are sexually active by the end of eleventh of twelfth grade  Friendships and relations with parents  The nature of friendship changes with adolescence  Adolescence brings conflict with parents

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Adulthood and Old Age  Physical Development  Cognitive Development  Social Development

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Physical Development  Our physical abilities peak at around age thirty and decline gradually thereafter  By age seventy, strength has declined by approximately 30 percent in both men and women  Changes in Sensory Systems

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Cognitive Development  Cognitive Development and Brain Disease  Alzheimer’s Disease  Cognitive Development and Normal Aging  Memory

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Social Development  Three main areas of interest:  Marriage and Family  Work  Death  Kübler-Ross (1981)