A 3 rd Update on West Coast International Trade Economics Pacific Northwest Waterways Association Annual Meeting June 28, 2011 Coeur De Alene Thomas J. McCollough, P.E. Moffatt & Nichol

Special Thanks Dr. Walter Kemmsies, Chief Economist

ENR Top 100 company, founded in 1945 in Long Beach, California Offices: US, Guam, Canada, Europe, Middle East, Latin America and the Pacific Rim More than 500 Employees Practices: Goods Movement, Energy, Ports, Coastal, Urban Waterfronts & Marinas, Inspection & Rehabilitation M&N combines the expertise of technical and commercial specialists gained over 65 years of planning and engineering experience on over 6,000 projects : Economic analyses of investment/privatization Strategic development plans Independent Market Consultant Coastal engineering Port and waterside construction (marinas) Terminal design for all types of freight and passenger movement Surface transportation connectivity Railroads and capacity expansion Environmental issues/emission modeling Moffatt & Nichol Background American Society of Civil Engineers John G. Moffatt – Frank E. Nichol Harbor and Coastal Engineering Award

Observations It is risky to go forward by staring in the rear- view mirror Look where we are going and not where we have been The key question is, “What sector will lead this recovery cycle?” – Not what drove the last one

Take-Aways Recovery is proceeding “as planned”, a bit early for an “all clear” Sustained World economic recovery depends on the US Real estate-exposed sectors will take a few more years to recover Inflation and government debt are a risk but not immediately Long term concerns could be lessened by more balanced trade US needs to increase exports and reduce oil dependency China needs to withdraw from market interventions Positive outlook for agricultural exports but avoid euphoria Energy costs are an issue Need more action and less discussion

GDP Growth In Developed and Emerging Markets China and India are carrying the load by investing in infrastructure Developed Economies Are Struggling…… China and India Are Leading

World Economy StrainsTo Recover Without The US The US accounts for 25% of World GDP US consumers account for 70% of US GDP, or 17.5% of World GDP US population accounts for 4% of the world US Consumer Spending and Global Real GDP Growth

World’s Major Economies

Growth Driven By Investment Composition of China’s GDP:

High Unemployment, Low Consumer Sentiment Consumer Sentiment and Unemployment Indexes

Private Sector Has Led Employment Recovery Private sector efforts were offset by public sector cutting 400K jobs Changes In Employment Levels in 2010 By Sector

Home Prices Still “Correcting” Home sales levels have stabilized by falling prices and low financing costs US Home Prices and Consumer Price Index

Delinquencies Have Peaked – Inventory Remains High Mortgage Foreclosures and Delinquencies

Retail Sales Recovering – Production, Inventories Lag Retail sales above December 2007, driven by replacement purchases Slow inventory rebuild due to poor home sales and cautious managers Retail Sales, Inventory and Inventory-to-Sales Ratio

US International Container Trade Trends Imported and empty containers led growth in 2010 Exports were surprisingly flat, some likely shifted to bulk Decline in imports since 2011 peak is out of line with retail sales trends Monthly TEU Volumes – 12 Largest US Ports

US Non-fuel Export Trends Bulk began shifting into containers in 2007, shifted back some in 2010 Exports grew 12.7% in 2010; containerized 13.4%, other 11.1% Non-fuel Exports By Weight By Type Of Vessel

Where We Are Going Where is the bottom – approaching it now Q2 09 was bottom Recovery may be “W” shaped, i.e. not sustained – When & how inflation will occur – Response of policy makers …labor benefits not extended Economic drivers have not changed – Aging population (% of total leaving the work force) – Population growth slowed & will slow further – Buying more services than durable goods – Outsourcing will continue & will increase (import substitution) Efficiency /Reliability vs. Capacity (slow steaming problem for importers, increasing supply chain..decreasing control for merchants)

Economic Outlook for Major Trade Lane Economies  Emerging Markets have higher population and productivity growth  Near term is weak due to mature economies  Policy withdrawal creates uncertainty - look for “all clear” in 2011-H2  World trade patterns will change due to the changing relative size of emerging and mature economies over the forecast horizon Real GDP Growth (year on year) By Major Trade Lanes Source: International Monetary Fund, US Department of Commerce, Moffatt & Nichol US recession risk in 2011

Oil Consumption Trends million barrels of crude oil were consumed daily in 2010 Since 2008 Emerging Markets consume more oil than Developed Economies Crude Oil Consumption Source: UN-ILO, Business Monitor, Moffatt & Nichol

Proportion of Population Above 55 Years of Age The World’s Population Is Aging

Unsustainable Trade Deficit Including oil, the goods deficit is 4.8x the services surplus, 2.8x excluding oil Increased import dependency is unavoidable – the US needs to export more US Trade Balance Components: Source: US Census Bureau 45% of the trade deficit is due to petroleum imports

US Export Candidates Bulk commodities and specialized capital goods (project cargo) fit the profile of US comparative advantages Relative to faster growing Emerging Markets, the US has A lower cost of capital, but a higher cost of labor Relative abundance of scare resources such as water More advanced biotechnology More reliable quality control and surveillance of compliance Strong Emerging Market demand for bulk is expected to continue as these economies continue to grow and develop Grains and oilseeds Meat Biofuels – wood pellets Coal and other raw materials Strong bulk demand also means strong demand for capital equipment – energy, construction, agricultural US has to develop infrastructure to compete in the global market place – its rivals have and continue to do so

America Is The World’s Bread Basket Lack of investment in inland waterway infrastructure is a significant bottleneck

Shares and Containerization of US Grain Exports Shares of US Grain Exports Containerization of Grain Exports By Port

Rail Replaces Inland Waterways Rail can handle agriculture exports in place of the inland waterway system

Containers Concentrate In Population Centers These are the locations where the bulk of consumption takes place Containers increasingly retained near ports – hard to containerize exports

Currency Trends Are Generally Favorable US Dollar Exchange Rate Indexes

China’s Currency Policy Is A Global Economic Risk Exchange Rates Between US$, Chinese Yuan and Brazilian Real

Summing Up... Recovery is proceeding “as planned”, a bit early for an “all clear” Sustained World economic recovery depends on the US Real estate-exposed sectors will take a few more years to recover Inflation and government debt are a risk but not immediately Long term concerns could be lessened by more balanced trade US needs to increase exports and reduce oil dependency China needs to withdraw from market interventions Positive outlook for agricultural exports but avoid euphoria Energy costs are an issue Need more action and less discussion

Questions & Comments Contact Information: Walter Kemmsies Tom McCollough