 Organic chemistry: branch of chemistry focused on hydrocarbons and their by-products  Can organic compounds be produced in a lab? Is petroleum an organic compound?  Yes and yes! Now we know that organic compounds can be produced without any help from living things

Circle items that are made from petroleum

Watch the Fuel-less Video.

Were there any items that you didn’t know were made from petroleum?

 ____________________: compounds made of hydrogen and carbon  Organic compounds have a “________________” or carbon atoms linked together to form a chain that other atoms are attached to  These hydrocarbon chains have covalent bonds. What is a covalent bond? hydrocarbons backbone

 Fractional Distillation  Each compound has unique intermolecular forces that allow it to be separated

BP= 59 o CBP= 151 o C Why? Longer chain, more dispersion forces, stronger intermolecular force, higher boiling point

Why? Longer chain, more dispersion forces, stronger intermolecular force, higher viscosity

 Alkanes  Alkenes  Alkynes  These compounds are named based on: the number of carbon atoms and the type of bond between the carbons.

# of C AtomsPrefix 1 Meth- 2 Eth- 3 Prop- 4 But- 5 Pent- 6 Hex- 7 Hept- 8 Oct- 9 Non- 10 Dec-

 Hydrocarbon chain with all SINGLE covalent bonds  General Formula: C n H 2n+2  Examples: NameFormula MethaneCH 4 Propane C 5 H 12

NameFormula MethaneCH 4 EthaneC2H6C2H6 PropaneC3H8C3H8 ButaneC 4 H 10 PentaneC 5 H 12 HexaneC 6 H 14 HeptaneC 7 H 16 OctaneC 8 H 18 NonaneC 9 H 20 DecaneC 10 H 22

NAMEPentane FORMULAC 5 H 12 C 7 H 16 STRUCTURAL FORMULA CONDENSED FORMULA CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3

 An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon.  Saturated means: Each carbon atom is completely surrounded by single covalent bonds. Example:

 Hydrocarbon chain with at least one DOUBLE bond  General Formula: C n H 2n  Examples: NameFormula EtheneC2H4C2H4 Butene C 7 H 14

 Hydrocarbon chain with at least one TRIPLE bonds  General Formula: C n H 2n–2  Examples: NameFormula PropyneC3H4C3H4 Pentyne C 8 H 14

 Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.  Unsaturated means: There is at least one double or triple bond in the molecule, making a carbon have less than four surrounding atoms. Example:

 Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes  Alkenes  Alkynes Increases in reactivity

 Compounds that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of particles. Isomers of Butane C 4 H 10

NO!  Lewis Structures are 2D  Models are 3D

2D Representation 3D Representation

1. Draw the Lewis Structure 2. Build the Model 3. Bonds in the plane are straight lines Bonds behind the paper are dotted lines Bonds coming toward you are bolded lines NameLewis Structure3D Representation Methane

 Burning petroleum provides nearly ___________ of the total U.S. energy needs.  Most petroleum is used as a __________. Converted to ______________, petroleum powers millions of U.S. automobiles.  _____% of all petroleum is used as fuel. Only about ___% is used for producing new substances. half fuel gasoline 89 7

 When hydrocarbons burn, they react with ___________ to form _________________ gas and _______________.  How long will it take for natural processes to replace used petroleum fuel?  This is because petroleum is a ____________________ resource. oxygen carbon dioxide water vapor MILLIONS OF YEARS!!! nonrenewable

 Nonrenewable resource  Increases CO 2 emissions that adds to pollution

Commonly known as builder molecules Functional Group: an atom or group of atoms that has characteristic properties to organic compounds

 Molecule with an –OH group attached to a carbon atom  General formula: R-OH  Examples: ◦ CH 3 -OHMethanol ◦ CH 3 CH 2 -OHEthanol

Rubbing Alcohol Hair Gel Cough Medicine

 One oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon chains, one on each end  Name ends in “ether”  General formula:Example: Dimethyl Ether

Starter Fluid Anise Seed used for bread and cookies Some Cosmetics

 Contains 2 oxygen atoms  One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom  Name ends in “oic acid”  General formula:Example: Ethanoic acid

Some Fruits Vinegar Coconut

 Contains 2 oxygen atoms  One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom  Name ends in “oate”  General formula:Example: Methyl ethanoate

Bananas Flowers Oranges Responsible for different smells of substances!

Common Petrochemicals:  Detergents  Pesticides  Pharmaceuticals  Cosmetics  Raw materials for production of other synthetic substances such as plastics ◦ Plastics include: paints, fabrics, rubber, insulation materials, foams, adhesives, molding, and structural materials

 Reactivity: Single bonds < double bonds < triple bonds  Addition reaction: reaction at the double or triple bond within an organic molecule  The water molecule “adds” to the double- bonded carbon atoms by placing an H- on one carbon and an –OH group on the other. C C H H H H + H-OH  C C H H H H H OH

 Polymer: large molecule typically composed of 500 – 20,000 or more repeating units  These repeating units are called monomers.

 Polymers formed in this type of reaction are called addition polymers.

 The atoms which compose the monomers dictate the properties of the polymer.  These polymers are often altered to meet a variety of needs and to produce a multitude of products. Structure influences the Function!

Condensation Reactions:  Involve the loss of simple molecules such as water when monomer units join.

 The functional groups of the acid and alcohol combine to form a water molecule. The remaining atoms join to form an ester.

 Synthetic polymers ◦ Nylon ◦ Polyester  Natural polymers: ◦ Carbohydrates  Starch  Cellulose ◦ Fats ◦ Proteins

 Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

 Called monosaccharides  Contains 5 or 6 carbon atoms

What functional group is this?

sucrosefructoseglucose

 What does a condensation reaction produce? WATER!! Monomers link together to form polymers. Monosaccharides link together to form polysaccharides.

Polymer 1 is a ____________. Present in grains and vegetables. Easily digested by the body and can be used for energy. starch

Polymer 2 is __________. Found in plants and trees. Indigestible carbohydrate which is commonly referred to as ________. cellulose fiber

Another way to combine C, H, and O atoms

What functional group is this?

 Triglycerides are composed of ◦ one glycerol molecule ◦ three fatty acids  What functional groups does glycerol have? Alcohol groups

 Palmitic acid  Linoletic acid Carboxylic acid

 Which fatty acid is saturated? A or B?  Which fatty acid is unsaturated? A or B? A B

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid  Ester Ester Linkage

1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty  1 Triglyceride + 3 Water acids (fat) molecules  Since water is formed… what type of reaction is this??? CONDENSATION!!

AMINO ACIDS!!

 Compound with amino group and carboxylic acid group.  Amino acids link together to form proteins using peptide bonds  Proteins vary from 10 to several thousand amino acids long

Two functional groups combine to form a peptide bond. Amino Group Carboxylic Acid Peptide Bond

Amino Acid + Amino Acid  Peptide + Water  Since water is formed… what type of reaction is this??? CONDENSATION!!