1. Unit 13- Organic Chemistry
Organic halide
Polymer
Polymerization
Saponification
Saturated
Substitution reaction
Unsaturated
Esterification
Ester
Ether
Fermentation
Functional group
Hydrocarbon
Isomer
Ketone
Organic acid
Addition reaction
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Amide
Amine
Amino acid

2. What is organic chemistry?
Organic- containing carbon
Study of carbon and carbon containing compounds
Carbon compound characteristics:
C almost always forms covalent bonds
Bonds are strong
Aren’t very reactive under ordinary conditions
Can bond to 4 other atoms due to valence electrons
Therefore can produce a vast number of compounds

3. Carbon compounds Allotropes- different forms of an element
Diamond vs. graphite vs. buckminsterfullerene
Hydrocarbons- alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
Contain just C and H
Can be saturated- all single bonds or unsaturated- containing a double or triple bond
Can be in a straight line form or ring
Diamond all single bonds
Buckyball 1 double and 2 singles, hollow soccerball 60C’s

5. Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons CnH2n+2 Release E when burned
5C’s – 12C’s – found in gas
10C’s- 16C’s- heating oil
20+C’s – candle wax
40+C’s- tar (asphalt)
As # of C’s increases, boiling point increases
CH4- Methane
90% of gas that heats homes
C2H6- Ethane
Rest of natural gas
C3H8- Propane
Heating fuel, grills
C4H10- Butane
Disposable lighters

6. Alkenes Contain at least 1 double bond CnH2n
Needs to have at least 2 C’s so not methane equivalent
C2H4- Ethene
Common name- ethlyene- used in plastics
C3H6- Propene
C4H8- Butene

7. Alkynes Contains a triple bond C2H2n-2 C2H2- Ethyne C3H4- Propyne
Common name- acetylene- used in welding
C3H4- Propyne
C4H6- Butyne

8. Isomers Same molecular formula; different structural formula
They have different physical and chemical properties
Greater structural difference= greater difference in properties
As the number of C’s increases; number of isomers increase
Both C4H10 

9. Naming hydrocarbons
Rules of IUPAC- international union of pure and applied chemistry
If it’s a straight chain: normal; n- preceeds name
If it’s branched:
Find longest chain and name accordingly
Using Greek prefixes and the correct suffix
Number starting from nearest double or triple bond or branch

10. (If branches) name the groups that make up branches
Alkyl groups- alkane with 1 less hydrogen
Ex: methane (CH4)  methyl group (CH3)
If more than one attached branch; a number prefix is used to indicate the C to which it is attached along with mono, di, tri etc to indicate how many groups are attached
Commas are used separate numbers of carbons to which groups are attached

11. Examples:
1-butene
2- methylpropane
1-butene methylpropane

12. Try these: 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,3,4-trimethylnonane
1-pentyne methyl-3-hexene

14. What if there’s more than just C and H?
Functional groups:
Groups of atoms that replace H in a hydrocarbon
Give distinct physical and chemical properties
Table R
Halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,ethers, esters, organic acids, amides, amines,

16. Functional groups: Halides Alcohols Halogen is added
Compound is now called organic halide or halocarbon
Named by citing location of halogen
Used as solvents and pesticices
Ex: chloromethane
Alcohols
-OH (hydroxyl group) is added
Creates polar molecule
Nonelectrolytes
Ends in –ol
Classified as 1o,2o etc depending on what C the –OH is attached to
If 2 –OH groups it’s a dihydroxy alcohol- antifreeze
3 –OH’s then a trihydroxy alcohol

17. Aldehydes Ketones -C=O (carbonyl group) is added **on end carbon
Ends in –al
Preservatives, formaldehyde
Ketones
-C=O (carbonyl group is added)
**on interior carbon
Ends in –one
Solvents, acetone

18. Ethers Esters R-O-R’ Oxygen bridge in carbon chain
“R” represents other atoms
Add ether to end of name
Esters
is added
Responsible for odors, flavors in many foods
Ends in -oate

19. Organic acids Amines -COOH (carboxyl group) is added is added
Ends in –oic acid
Strong odors
Weak electrolytes
Amines
is added
Add amine to end of name
Vitamins, hormones, anesthetics, dyes
Amino acids- contain both amine and carboxyl group to the same C atom

20. Amides is added Happens when two amino acids are joined together
Peptide bond

21. Organic Reactions occurs more slowly than inorganic reactions due to covalent bonds
Combustion
If there is enough oxygen= complete combustion
If there isn’t enough oxygen= incomplete combustion
Carbon monoxide is produced

22. Substitution Replace one atom but another atom or group of atoms
For saturated hydrocarbons
Ex: halogenation

23. Addition
Adding 1 or more atoms or groups to an unsaturated hydrocarbon; at site of double/triple bond
Ex: hydrogenation
Turn vegetable oil into fat
Requires catalyst and high heat; hydrogen gas is bubbled into oil

24. Esterification Organic acid + alcohol  ester + water
To name: use alkyl group of alcohol and end in –oate
Fats are derived this way by reacting glycerol with fatty acids

25. Saponification Fermentation Ester + inorganic base  alcohol + soap
Soap is the salt of an organic acid and glycerol
Fermentation
Sugars are broken down by yeast enzyme to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol

26. Polymerization Monomers put together to create polymers
Ex:nylon, rayon, polyethylene, protein,starch, cellulose
Addition polymerization: joining monomers of unsaturated compounds
Condensation polymerization: joining monomers by removing water molecule; creates ester

27. Plastic recycling codes