 Cultural:  Technological:  Political:  Spiritual:

Cultural Trends: Better educated, urban populace was more critical of the Church than rural peasantry Renaissance monarchs were growing impatient with the power of the Church Society was more humanistic and secular Growing individualism --John Wyclif

Technological Trends: Printing Press Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate

Political Trends: England Notion of the Renaissance Prince Recent War of the Roses created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty --Henry VIII The significance of a male heir to the Tudors

Political Trends: The Holy Roman Empire Decentralized politics Pope successfully challenged the monarch here New HRE, Charles V, is young, politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Luther’s protest Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks Circumstances favor Luther

Spiritual Trends: Growing piety, mysticism and religious zeal (passion) among European masses Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within --In Praise of Folly (1510) Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church Millenarian “fever”

 100 Years War and Black Death  Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church  The Corruption within the Catholic Church

Charges of greed Worldly political power challenged People tired of dependence on the Church and the limits it enforced Reject “original sin” Catholic church becomes defensive in the face of criticism Scholars contradict Church The corruption of the Renaissance Papacy --Rodrigo Borgia European population was increasingly anti-clerical Absenteeism of church leaders --Antoine de Prat The controversy over the sale of indulgences

 Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic  The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church  People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church  In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions  The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

 Martin Luther  John Calvin  Henry VIII

 Lived from in Germany  Father encouraged him to study law  A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

 He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven  He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort  In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall live by faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

 A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)  He criticized:  The Power of the Pope  The Extreme Wealth of the Church  Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

 Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs  Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany  Gained support from people and criticism from Church

The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

 Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas  Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms  The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

 Started in Switzerland – Calvinists  England = Puritans  Scotland = Presbyterians  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots  Germany = Reform Church

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

Religious/Social Effects: Catholic Church unified; Protestant denominations grow Schools created throughout Europe by BOTH groups Status of women unchanged Political Effects: Catholic Church’s power lessened Religion no longer unites Europe Kings and states more powerful Church’s authority questioned=rise of inquiry and experimentation 18 th Century: The Enlightenment Effects of the Reformation

The Counterreformation: The Church seeks to reform Pope Paul III Council of Trent: Cardinals investigate abuses Approved Jesuits (founded in 1539 by Ignatius Loyola) Inquisition punished heretics Pope Paul IV Carried out Council Decrees List of Forbidden Books

Three major activities: Found and staff schools in Europe Send out missionaries to all continents Stop spread of Protestantism Why were effects long-lasting? New Catholic communities Schools still exist The Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola