Community Policing. Mr Sarmad Saeed Khan Additional IG Training Community Policing Mr Sarmad Saeed Khan Additional IG Training Punjab Police

COMMUNITY POLICING

SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION PART I Conceptual basis of community policing PART II Experience in Pakistan PART III Comparison of community policing models PART IV Role of women in community policing PART V Impediments in implementation PART VI Group activity

PART I CONCEPTUAL BASIS

DEFINING COMMUNITY POLICING “Community policing is a philosophy and an organizational strategy that promotes a new partnership between people and their police. It is based on the premise that both the police and the community must work together as equal partners to identify, prioritize, and solve contemporary problems such as crime, drugs, fear of crime, social and physical disorder, and overall neighborhood decay, with the goal of improving the overall quality of life in the area.” Trojanowicz Like every society is unique in its make up, there is no one definition of community policing. It is not a legal term but a philosophy, therefore it can be and has been defined many ways. Presently two terms are being used: community policing and community oriented policing. These two terms are being envisaged synonymous but in my personal opinion there is a difference of the level of empowerment and participation that is extended to the citizenry. Community policing should denote ‘policing by the community’ (of course with help of the second partner, that is, government or police) and equal partnership between the police and the public. ‘Community oriented policing’ on the other hand means serving the community which is the primary goal of every police service but it does not imply direct involvement of the public in problems solving. The term ‘fear of crime’ is being frequently used in the contemporary literature of criminology which means that despite prevalence of crime people are not disproportionately scared. When people are involved with the police in dealing with crime and causes of crime, they feel less apprehensive because fear of unknown is always greater than the known. In USA and Europe history of community policing dates back at the most to three decades but for us it is not a new concept but reverting back to good old traditions when communities were like mega families; inhabitants of a village or residential block knew each other and informal social controls were in place. With passage of time commercialism and materialism replaced traditions and value system. Rural to urban migration caused social disorganization and money became the sole criterion for nobility. In new housing societies and the sub-urban areas people from various part of the country have started living. Inhabitants do not know even the next door neighbor. Research has proved that increase in social disorganization is directly proportional to incidence of crime.

BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY POLICING No government funds are required Enhances immunity against crime and disorder Assists traditional policing Bridges the gap of trust Encourages social interactions Police and public share credit and discredit Police officer feels safe in his area of responsibility Reliable and workable information is available Inculcates sense of responsibility in the public Police and the public are accountable to each other Promotes democratic values in the society

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION “Once the community is convinced that the new system will help them in achieving better quality of life, they will not hesitate to offer their active cooperation.” HAZRAT ALI

FOR COMMUNITY POLICING ENVIRONMENT FOR COMMUNITY POLICING “Community policing does not work for every community. Participation appears much more likely in homogeneous, low-crime, middle-class neighborhoods.” (John Ellison) REF: John Ellison “Community Policing Implementation Issues” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, The FindArticles.com. 26 Sep, 2011

LIMITATIONS OF TRADITIONAL POLICING It is resource hungry Centralization dampens initiative Experts make blanket policies Efficiency measured by statistics The warrior image Customs and values disconnect Creates a ‘force’ and not a ‘service’ The US and THEM environment

COMMUNITY POLICING Community policing is a philosophy Police + Public + Government Changing mindsets of public and police Social work + law enforcement Reverting back to good old traditions Returning the responsibility back

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PUBLIC “…the public order depends essentially upon the responsibility of every member of the community within the law to prevent offences and to arrest offenders. The magisterial and police organization is set up to enforce, control and assist this general responsibility.” Police Rules XX1.1

PART II EXPERIENCE IN PAKISTAN

CRITERIA FOR MEMBERS OF A CPC Non-political Non-controversial personality No criminal record Having impeccable reputation From all groups of the community Able to devote time

WORKING OF COMMUNITY POLICE COMMITTEES Office located in a private building Ten to thirty members Coordinator and Deputy Coordinator Proceedings of all meetings are documented Standard registers are maintained Union Council, Tehsil and District Committees Police officers attached at UC and Tehsil level Meetings are convened by the Coordinators

MANDATE OF COMMITTEES Identification and analysis of problems Advising the police on issues Dispute resolution if both the parties agree Arranging neighborhood watch and security Only moral pressure shall be used Seek help of the local police if use of force required Laying information about vice dens and offenders Arranging awareness seminars and walks Advising the citizens on issues Helping police during occasions like muharram

DIFFERENT COMMITTEES Core Committee Tehsil Committee, Scrutiny Committee, Traffic Control Committee Anti Narcotic Committee, Students’ Committee, Traders’ Committee

TEHSIL COMMITTEES Rahimyar Khan 34 Sadiqabad 87 Khanpur 128 Liaqatpur NUMBER OF COMMITTEES Till JAN.2003 TEHSIL COMMITTEES Rahimyar Khan 34 Sadiqabad 87 Khanpur 128 Liaqatpur 21 TOTAL 270

SPECIAL POLICE OFFICERS till January 2003 TEHSIL NUMBER Rahimyar Khan 69 Sadiqabad 402 Khanpur 64 Liaqatpur 44 Total 579

COMMUNITY POLICING PROGRAMS Seminars and walks Seminars for the police Human Rights training Visits of educational institutions Inter-religious task force School for special children Information boards on bus-stands Cable TV 21

COMMUNITY POLICING PROGRAMS Drug Addicts Rehabilitation Center Police Public School Character Building Schooling Free medical camps Center Disposal of unidentified dead bodies Citizen Police Liaison Committee Crisis Management Group Community Policing Website

PART III COMPARISON

COMMUNITY POLICING IN KERALA

OBJECTIVES "It is not a project aimed at bettering the image of the Police. It is also not a project wherein police duties are performed by the citizens. Rather it is a project to professionally strengthen Police and increase its accessibility to the needy public through close interaction with and better understanding of the public. “

CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP Members of Janamaithri Suraksha Samithi should be able to spare time, should not involve in any criminal case. He does not have any statutory powers. Political party members are not included.

MEETING OF A SAMITHI The meeting is convened by the Circle Inspector and SHO is the Secretary Samithi. The meetings shall be attended by the Sub Divisional Police Officer once in every month and by the Superintendent of Police at least once a year.  Downloaded from: http://jmspkerala.blogspot.com/2010/08/community-policing-project-of.html accessed on 28.09.2011 http://jmspkerala.blogpot.com/2010/08/community -policing-project-of.html accessed on 28.10.2011

COMMUNITY POLICING IN NIGERIA

IMPEDIMENTS TO COMMUNITY POLICING IN NIGERIA Internal resistance from police officers who benefited from the traditional policing and who prefer to maintain status quo; Lack of commitment to the project by implementing officers; Lack of support from members of the public; Inadequate support from the government; Poor welfare packages/incentives for policemen; Conflict between informal ethnic militia and police REFERENCE: Dickson, A.Y. (2007) “Community Policing” in Arase, S.E . and Iwuofor (eds.), Policing Nigeria in the 21st Century, Ibadan, Spectrum Books.

PART IV ROLE OF WOMEN

MISSION OF A POLICE OFFICER “The traits of ruthlessness and violence which are desired in a Marine are counterproductive to the mission of a police officer.” Operational Culture for Warfighter: Principles and Applications, by Salmoni and Holmes-Eber

POLICING IS WORSHIPPING Social Contract Theory Socially evolved value system Society made laws and rules Crime is a social deviation Social disorganization v/s crime Police as Social Scientists Police as Social Workers and Reformers Police protect haqooq-ul-abad

Justice Ali Nawaz Chauhan All Pakistan Legal Decisions 2005 POLICE AS SOCIAL WORKERS During the period of Hazrat Ali, the ‘shurta’ were responsible for the following jobs, as well: suppression of beggary, control over quackery, removal of encroachments, checking and stopping porters and boatmen from carrying heavy loads. Justice Ali Nawaz Chauhan All Pakistan Legal Decisions 2005

Justice Ali Nawaz Chauhan All Pakistan Legal Decisions 2005 POLICE AS SOCIAL WORKERS In France, during the regime of Louis-XV police performed the following jobs, as well: Construction of welfare projects, Police established stock exchange of Paris For providing employment the jobless, Food supplies, Inspection of drains, Cleaning of streets, etc., Justice Ali Nawaz Chauhan All Pakistan Legal Decisions 2005

THE WARRIOR IMAGE “that the warrior image has had a devastating impact on recruiting the right kind of officer. As long as the warrior image remains, policing will draw the wrong kind of applicant, reward the wrong kind of behavior, and fail to provide the kind of services that communities increasingly demand.“ Kimberly A.Lonsway Ph.D Dismantling the Warrior Image: The Role of Women in Community Policing.

TRAITS OF A POLICE OFFICER Emotional self-awareness,  Independence, Interpersonal relationships,  Empathy,  Stress tolerance, Impulse control, Flexibility,[and]    Problem solving Role of Female Police Officers Women bring a unique dynamic to policing and female officers are often very competent in many crucial components of community policing. Agencies across the globe have recognized this and begun to actively recruit female officers to help support some of these new roles that members are taking on. Women do extremely well at communicating and they have great interpersonal skills, which can be very helpful when dealing with situations where victims of crime would feel more comfortable discussing what occurred with a female officer, perhaps someone they can relate to. Female officers compliment their male partners and often provide a different perspective. Women are also great problem solvers and often approach and solve problems from a different angle than their male counterparts. EPS officers recognize these differences and see them as vital components of a great team! In the end, each gender brings something unique and valuable to the job. That is why a diverse membership is so important to the EPS. Operational Culture for Warfighter: Principles and Applications, Salmoni and Holmes-Eber

COMMUNITY POLICE OFFICER REQUIRED TRAITS OF COMMUNITY POLICE OFFICER Above board moral, intellectual and financial integrity Use of thinking and imagination in problems solving Ability to act independently and take initiatives Sensitive to socio-cultural values of community Intelligence led and knowledge based policing Sincerity of purpose and commitment Affable, extrovert, tolerant, empathetic, clairvoyant Very good in communication skills

TRAITS OF A FEMALE POLICE OFFICER More serious in duty: do not waste their time Less corrupt financially, morally and intellectually Interact better with female victims of violence Can have easy ingress to households Present softer side of the police Empathetic and sensitive to human relationship Very good in communication and problems solving

PART V IMPEDIMENTS

PERCEPTION OF A POLICE OFFICER Perceive it dilution of their powers Think controlling crime is exclusively a police job Public will exploit closeness with police District police officers are too busy to find time Fancy policing is not going to work Why to annoy political elite

PERCEPTION OF POLITICIANS Police is not a social service Serving the people is exclusively their domain It will distance the public from the politicians It is their right to be members of such initiatives The political opponents have no role

PERCEPTION OF THE PUBLIC Maintenance of public order is exclusively police job Normally police touts join such initiatives Why to earn enmity with anti-social elements Police are not serious in serving the community “What’s in it for me” approach We do not have free time

PART VI GROUP ACTIVITY

BRAINSTORMING SESSION Time 15 mins GROUP 1 How to associate Politicians in community policing without compromising its basic principles? GROUP 2 What Areas of Importance did we miss in our initiative to disallow CP to take roots in Pakistan? GROUP 3 What Problems women police officers may face in community policing initiatives while working beside their male colleagues? GROUP 4 What are the possible areas where women community police officers can contribute for Women Protection and Well-being?

THANKS www.sarmadsaeed.com sarmadsaeedkhan@gmail.comm

Problems & Solutions

ISLAMIC INJUNCTIONS ABOUT WOMEN INTERPRETATION OF ISLAMIC INJUNCTIONS ABOUT WOMEN "Muslims who advance conservative views on female affairs...are normally very literal in their understanding of texts; but they tendentiously opt for an understanding that suits their prejudice.“ Dr. Hassan Al-Turabi Bachelor in Law Masters University of London PhD from Sorbonne, Paris Speaker of Parliament, Sudan Minister of Justice, Sudan Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sudan Deputy Prime Minister, Sudan

SUMMARY Traditional policing focuses on controlling and reacting Community policing is preventive and proactive Traditional Policing is centralizing CP is for devolving powers TP uses brute military power, CP is policing by consent CP works by decreasing social disorganization Implementation is easier in low crime homogenous society Without support of the public police fails to achieve goals … continued

Police are Social Scientists and Social Workers Policing means protecting the basic rights of citizens CP is about equal partnership between police and public It has to be adopted as organizational strategy It is about changing the mindset of the police and the public CP and TP augment each other