Word ListTimeline Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan Umayyads Marw/Merv Umayyad caliphate Caliphate of Mu‘awiya Bukhara taken Samarqand taken.

Map Link: The Muslim Conquests: < muslimconquestsmap.gifmuslimconquestsmap.gif>

Word ListTimeline Berbers Visigoths Jabal Tariq (Gibralter) Charles Martel Most of Spain taken Last attack on Constantinople. 732 or 733 Franks defeat Muslims at Tours/ Poitiers.

Word ListTimeline ‘Abd al-Malik qadi (judge) jizya (poll tax) Caliphate of ‘Abd al-Malik.

Word ListTimeline mawali (non-Arab converts) hadith‘ilm (knowledge/divine guidance) imam (prayer/spiritual leader)kharijis shi‘is ‘Ali ibn Abi Talibal-Husayn Karbala’ Ja‘far al-SadiqIbn al-Hanafiyya 680 Death of al-Husayn at Karbala’.

Word ListTimeline Sunni Islam (“mainstream” Islam) Marwan II ‘Abbasids Hashim‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas Abu MuslimKhurasan c. 745 ‘Abbasids send Abu Muslim east to raise revolt. 747 Abu Muslim raises revolt in Khurasan.

749 Battle of the Lower Zab. Abu’l-‘Abbas al-Saffah acclaimed caliph in Kufa. 750 Battle of the Upper Zab. Marwan II and other Umayyads killed. ‘Abd al-Rahman escapes to Spain. Timeline

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Great Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, from the air. (Sacred Sites:.) Plan of Prophet’s Mosque, Medina. (F) The Great Mosque at Damascus: ‘Umayya Mosque’. 8th c AD. Plan. (F) Courtyard, Great Umayyad Mosque, Damascus. (A) The Great Mosque at Damascus, exterior view: colonnade. 8th c AD. (F) Prayer Hall, Great Umayyad Mosque, Damascus. (Al Mashriq:.) Mihrab, Great Umayyad Mosque, Damascus. (A)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Mihrab and minbar, Great Umayyad Mosque, Damascus. (Al Mashriq:.) The Great Mosque at Damascus, interior view: Mihrab niche and part of Minbar. 8th c AD. (F) Mosaics from the Great Mosque of Damascus; 8th c AD. Architecture and decorative band. (F) Mosaics from the Great Mosque of Damascus; detail of mosaics, river landscape. 8th c AD. (F) Mosaics from the Great Mosque of Damascus; 8th c AD. Architecture.(F) Mosaics from the Great Mosque of Damascus; 8th c AD. Buildings and tree. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; exterior view; front view. 7th c AD. (F) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; exterior view; aerial view of Mount Moriah. 7th c AD. (F) The Noble Sanctuary viewed from Mount Scopus. (Alistair Duncan, The Noble Sanctuary (London: Longman, 1972), p. 9.) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; interior view; The Double Ambulatory. 7th c AD. (F) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; cutaway plan. Mosaics on the interior. 7th c AD. (F) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; interior view; The Sacred Rock surrounded by a portico. 7th c AD. (F) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; interior view of decoration and inscription. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; exterior view; close aerial view. 7th c AD. (F) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; interior view; Detail. 7th c AD. (F) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; ornamental detail. 7th c AD. (F) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; ornamental detail; Vase with acanthus scroll. 7th c AD. (F) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; ornamental detail; Jar with floral motif, mosaic and glass, 7th c AD. (F) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem; ornamental detail; mosaic and glass floral motif. 7th c AD. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Mosaic crown and breastplate in the Dome of the Rock. (Richard Ettinghausen and Oleg Grabar, The Art and Architecture of Islam, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 33.) Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem. 7th c AD. (F) Plan of Mshatta, Syria c. 750 AD. (F) Section of façade of Mshatta Palace, 8th c. (Volkmar Enderlein et al., Museum für Islamische Kunst (Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2001), pp )

Closer view of Mshatta Palace Façade, 8th c. (Niall Christie, Personal Collection: < mshatta1.jpg>.) Façade of Mshatta Palace, 8th c. (Volkmar Enderlein et al., Museum für Islamische Kunst (Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2001), pp ) Façade of Mshatta Palace, 8th c. (Niall Christie, Personal Collection: < mshatta2.jpg>.) Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet

Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi. Exterior view. 8th c AD. (F) Gaia and Marine Centaur from Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi. 8th c AD. (F) Detail from Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi. 8th c AD. (F) Qusayr ‘Amra; exterior of the baths, ca (F) Qusayr ‘Amra. Plan. (A) Qusayr ‘Amra; cupola of bath. 8th c AD. (F) Qusayr ‘Amra. Fresco of the zodiac in the caldarium vault. (A) F = Ferret, A = Archnet

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Qusayr ‘Amra. Detail of a transverse arch in the entry hall. (A) Qusayr ‘Amra. Fresco detail. (A) Mural paintings from bath of Qusayr ‘Amra. 8th c AD. (F) Khirbat al-Mafjar, 8th c. (Islamic Architecture: Detail of stucco from Khirbat al-Mafjar, Jordan. 8th c AD. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Khirbat al-Mafjar, dome, 8th c. Six heads in flower. (Richard Ettinghausen and Oleg Grabar, The Art and Architecture of Islam, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 61.) Khirbat al-Mafjar, 8th c. Female attendant, and dancing figure in pendentive. (Richard Ettinghausen and Oleg Grabar, The Art and Architecture of Islam, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 62.) Khirbat al-Mafjar, 8th c. Standing caliph in Persian style. (Islamic Architecture:.) Mosaic pavement from the audience room of Khirbat al-Mafjar. Jericho. C. 740 AD. Al-Walid II? (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Coin of Mu‘awiya. (Bernard Lewis, The Middle East (London: Phoenix, 1996), betw. pp ) Semissis of Heraclius, (Byzantine Coins Home Page:.) Persian Coin altered by Muslims. (Robert Hillenbrand, Islamic Art and Architecture (London: Thames and Hudson, 1999), p. 19.) Umayyad Coin, 8th c. AD. (F [with three figures])

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Solidus of Heraclius, 641. (Byzantine Coins Home Page:.) Umayyad Coin, 8th c. AD. (F [with caliph and armless cross]) Umayyad Coin, 8th c. AD. (F [with Arabic script]) King on a hunt; gilt silver, 19 cm diameter. Iran. 7th-8th c AD. (F) Earthenware unglazed ewer with incised décor. Iraq: early 8th c. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Brass ewer cast and engraved: Fayyum, Egypt. Mid-8th c? 41cm. Museum of Islamic Arts, Cairo. (F) Two pieces of red woven silk (Caliph Marwan II): Syria: mid-7th c AD. (F) Woven hanging of wool and undyed linen. Egypt or Palestine (detail). 8th c AD. (F) Woven tapestry of the “Victorious Emperor”. 8th c AD. Egypt. Wool and linen x 22.9cm. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. (F)