1. 644 Death of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab
Caliphate of ‘Uthman ibn
‘Affan. Accused of nepotism
on behalf of Umayyads.
656 Murder of ‘Uthman by
protesters from
Egypt and Iraq.
Caliphate of ‘Ali ibn
Abi Talib, the last rashid
Shi‘ism
Fatima
‘A’isha

2. Map Link: The Islamic Middle East c. 750:
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expansion-750.jpg>

3. 656 ‘Ali defeats ‘A’isha and her
followers at the Battle of the
Camel.
657 ‘Ali opposed by Mu‘awiya ibn
Abi Sufyan at Battle of Siffin.
Arbitration agreed.
661 ‘Ali assassinated. Mu‘awiya
caliph (r )
shi‘at ‘Ali
= “party
of ‘Ali”
shi‘at
Mu‘awiya
= “party of
Mu‘awiya”
khariji (pl. khawarij) = “seceder,” Kharijite

4. = = ‘Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ‘Abd Allah Abu Talib al-‘Abbas
Muhammad ‘Abd Allah
the Prophet
Fatima ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Hanafiyya
‘Ali
al-Hasan al-Husayn Ibn al-Hanafiyya
Abu Hashim Muhammad
Ibrahim al-Saffah al-Mansur = =

5. 669 Death of al-Hasan at Mecca
680 Mu‘awiya appoints Yazid as successor.
Al-Husayn and followers killed at Karbala.
Yazid reigns as caliph until 683.
Revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr in Arabia and
Iraq
Revolt of al-Mukhtar in name of
Ibn al-Hanafiyya (mahdi) at Kufa.

6. 700 Death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya. Some say he is
in hiding and will return.
740s ‘Abbasids seeking wider support. Focus
propaganda on Iraq and Khurasan, incl.
mawali (non-Arab converts). Move base
to Merv.
743 Death of Muhammad ibn ‘Ali, succeeded
by his son Ibrahim. ‘Abbasids send Abu
Muslim ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim
al-Khurasani to Merv.

7. ‘Abbasids = = ‘Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim
‘Abd Allah Abu Talib al-‘Abbas
Muhammad ‘Abd Allah
the Prophet
Fatima ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Hanafiyya
‘Ali
al-Hasan al-Husayn Ibn al-Hanafiyya
Abu Hashim Muhammad
Ibrahim al-Saffah al-Mansur
‘Abbasids = =

8. 747 Abu Muslim raises
revolt in Merv.
Ibrahim killed by
Umayyads.
748 Marwan II (r )
finishes putting down
other revolts.

9. 749 Battle of the Lower
Zab. Abu’l-‘Abbas
al-Saffah acclaimed
caliph in Kufa.
750 Battle of the Upper
Zab. Marwan II and
other Umayyads
killed. ‘Abd al-
Rahman escapes to
Spain.