Physiological basis of the care of the elderly client Cardiovascular System 1
Patient scenario 2 RB, 73 year old Caucasian male Medical diagnosis hypertension Prescribed Norvasc, 5 mg qd and Accupril 10 mg BID Often forgets his evening dose Wants “one pill once-a-day” Complains of frequent headache on waking …pill makes him urinate too much …he has a cough that won’t go away …feels fine, maybe he doesn’t need it after all
Informal evaluation 3 What additional information do you need? Subjective information Objective information Psychosocial information
The cardiovascular system 4 Supplies oxygen to all parts of the body A failure in this system creates a cascade of failure in other systems Regardless of nursing focus, you will encounter cardiovascular concerns in the elderly client due to normal age related changes
Review of cardiac structure and function 5 Circulation is established by electrical system of the heart Left side of heart produces enough force to overcome systemic resistance Effective circulation due in part to one way valves between the chambers of the heart Effective circulation is also dependent upon sequential contraction and relaxation of the heart
Potential challenges for the elderly client 6 ElectricalForceValves Coordi- nation
Preload and afterload 7 Preload is a representation of the pressure stretching the left ventricle after passive filling and atrial contraction (diastole) by the blood returning to the heart Afterload is the amount of pressure produced by the left ventricle in order to contract (systole)
Regulation of cardiac function 8 Preload Contractility Afterload
Left ventricle efficiency 9 Determined by amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle at end of diastole Affected by Strength of contraction Amount of blood in the ventricle Competency of the valves Peripheral vascular resistance Ejection fraction = stroke volume / left ventricle end diastolic volume
The electrocardiogram 10 Normal PR = (3-5 □ s ) Normal QRS = <.12 (3 □ s) Normal sinus rhythm Each P wave followed by QRS Rate with <10% variation P wave: atrial depolarization QRS complex: ventricular depolarization T wave: ventricular repolarization Little boxes =.04 sec; Big boxes = 5x.04 =.2 sec
Normal age related changes 11 Heart valves become stiff Decreased renin, angiotensin and aldosterone production Arterial stiffening and loss of elasticity Veins thicken and valvular reflux occurs Decreased baroreceptor sensitivity Decrease in number of normal pacemaker cells in sinus node Myocardial hypertrophy Increased size of myocardial cells Thickening of left ventricular wall
Resulting systemic effects 12 Increased resistance of peripheral vessels Decreased coronary blood flow Reduced cardiac output Less efficient cardiac oxygen usage Slower response to cardiac challenge if not in good physical condition
To prevent debilitation from cardiovascular changes through lifestyle modification… 13 Remain physically active—30 minutes aerobic activity per day most days of the week Avoid obesity—maintain normal BMI between Avoid smoking Control blood pressure Control cholesterol levels Restrict sodium intake to 2.4 g/day Limit alcohol to ≤2/day for men, ≤1/day for women
Atypical presentation of cardiac disease 14 Presenting complaint may be heartburn, nausea, fatigue Mental status changes Dizziness and falls Agitation Sudden change in cognitive abilities New onset atrial fibrillation Particularly in women: Fatigue Sleep disturbances Epigastric pain
Heart disease in elderly women 15 Symptoms may be unrecognized: Sleep disturbances Intermittent chest tightness, squeezing, pressure Back, neck, stomach, jaw discomfort Shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness Break out in cold sweat
Hypertension 16 A major risk factor for developing other cardiovascular conditions because: It does not always produce its own symptoms Many are unaware they have hypertension It is easily ignored
Classifications of blood pressure 17 Optimal: <120/<80 Screen every 2 years Prehypertension: /80-89 Assess annually Stage 1 HTN: /90-99 Assess more frequently Stage 2 HTN: ≥160 OR ≥100 Assess more frequently
JNC 8 (2014) Guidelines 18 After age 50, SBP >140 is a more important risk factor than DBP A 90% risk of developing HTN exists even in those age 55 who are normotensive /80-89 is prehypertensive; patients should begin lifestyle modifications Most patients with HTN need 2+ medications Thiazide diuretics should be used to treat uncomplicated HTN Effective therapy requires patient motivation Empathy builds trust and promotes motivation
JNC 8 Hypertension Management 19 Lifestyle interventions apply throughout all treatment recommendations Blood pressure goals and medication treatment based on Age Diabetes Chronic kidney disease
JNC 8 HTN Management Algorithm: Age ≥60 yearsNo diabetes No CKD 20 Goal SBP <150 mm Hg Goal DBP <90 mm Hg
JNC 8 HTN Management Algorithm: Age <60 yearsNo diabetes No CKD 21 Goal SBP < 140 mm Hg Goal DBP < 90 mm Hg
JNC 8 HTN Management Algorithm: All agesWith diabetes No CKD 22 Goal SBP < 140 mm Hg Goal DBP < 90 mm Hg
JNC 8 HTN Management Algorithm: All ages with CKD 23 Goal SBP < 140 mm Hg Goal DBP < 90 mm Hg
JNC 8 HTN Treatment Guidelines 24 Black No CKD Thiazide-type diuretic, or, CCB, or, Combination Non-Black No CKD Thiazide-type diuretic, or, ACEI, or, ARB, or, CCB, or, Combination All Races CKD ACEI, or, ARB, or, Combination with other class
“Instant” teaching points regarding HTN 25 It is not the same as anxiety Once you are diagnosed, you are on medication for life* It is defined as systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg Most cases of HTN are classified as primary HTN—the underlying cause is not known *some exceptions!
Results of untreated hypertension 26 Atherosclerosis of the aorta and large vessels accelerates Left ventricular hypertrophy develops Proteinuria due to increased renal arteriole pressure Vascular changes in the retina (A-V “nicking”) Increased stroke risk
Nursing management—patients with HTN 27 Evaluate BP bilaterally and in lying, sitting and standing positions Blood pressure varies with time of day and with activity Respond to “white coat hypertension” Home blood pressure monitoring must be confirmed Assess for target organ damage with each encounter
Nursing management—patients with HTN 28 High blood pressure screening Promote healthy lifestyle Low fat diet Low sodium diets Weight control Exercise Smoking cessation Controlled alcohol consumption Monitor effects of medication
Medication management of hypertension 29 Initial treatment usually involves diuretics Second medication selected pertaining to patient’s health status β-blockers can cause bradycardia, fatigue, exercise intolerance Postural hypotension can occur with adrenergic inhibitors and α-blockers Dry cough, hyperkalemia can occur with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers Calcium channel blockers (esp. Benzothiazepines) may cause decreased cardiac output and slow conduction
Hypotension 30 Frequently associated with medication side effects Decreased responsiveness of sympathetic nervous system with age affects autoregulation of cardiac output Lying/sitting (postural) blood pressure: Supine for at least 5 minutes, then check blood pressure Check again after 1 and 3 minutes of sitting or standing
Hyperlipidemia 31 Elevated cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders Remember…Keep HDLs high, keep LDLs low! LDL < 100 mg/dl* HDL > 60 mg/dl* *Optimal per JNC7! LDL HDL
Benefits of the “statins” 32 Lower LDL cholesterol Anti-inflammatory Antithrombotic Protect plaque stability Generally well tolerated Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Fluvastatin (Lescol XL) Lovastatin (Mevacor) Pravastatin (Pravachol) Rosuvastatin (Crestor) Simvastatin (Zocor)
Metabolic syndrome (“syndrome X”) 33 >100mg/dl (fasting) >150 mg/dl > 135/80Men > 40” Women > 35” Waist Circ. BP BGTG
Characteristics of metabolic syndrome 34 Abdominal fat cells secrete hormones promoting heart disease and diabetes Patients have below-normal HDL Decreased insulin sensitivity (level of insulin required to process glucose)
Treatment plan for metabolic syndrome 35 Cholesterol lowering drugs Antihypertensives Diet high in omega-3 fatty acids Avoid processed foods Exercise minutes moderate intensity
Ischemic heart disease in the elderly 36 Chest pain is not always present Fatigue Weakness Shortness of breath GI disturbances
Chest pain 37 Caused by a mismatch between what the body is able to deliver and what the body requires Supply ischemia—due to decreased blood flow to the heart Demand ischemia—due to increased demand for oxygen In stable angina, chest pain is relieved with rest If not relieved by rest, can progress to myocardial infarction
Other causes of chest pain 38 Pericarditis Heartburn, ulcers Chondritis Pulmonary embolus, pneumonia Herpes zoster
Treatment of angina 39 Nitroglycerine—vasodilator NTG is treatment of choice Comes in tablets, sprays, patches, ointment, IV, sublingual Tablets for acute attacks Transdermal, capsules, ointments do not work rapidly enough during acute attacks Repeat tablet every 5 minutes for acute attack If no resolution after 3 tablets, patient must be transported to hospital
Myocardial infarction findings 40 Occurs in stages, treatment directed to the stage EKG changes—ST elevation Q wave represents infarcted tissue CK-MB elevation 4 to 6 hours after infarction Troponin elevation 6 to 8 hours after infarction Hemodynamic monitoring necessary if heart failure suspected
Complications of MI 41 Arrhythmia (dysrhythmia) Conduction blockages Heart failure Pulmonary edema Ventricular aneurysm Pericarditis
Anticoagulation treatment of MI 42 Useful within first few hours of event Chew an aspirin while waiting for ambulance! Not all patients are candidates for thrombolytic therapy
Aortic stenosis 43 Most common valvular disorder in the elderly Usually due to calcification Risk factors: Hyperlipidemia Diabetes Hypertension Left ventricular hypertrophy Heart failure
Heart failure 44 Heart no longer able to provide sufficient cardiac output Men develop after an MI; women after long-standing HTN Compensatory events Increased heart rate Renin → angiotensin I → angiotensin II → increased BP and sodium and water retention Risk factors: Coronary artery disease Hypertension
Right sided versus left sided failure 45
Neck vein distention 46
Dysrhythmias (not “arrhythmias!”) 47 Atrial fibrillation most common dysrhythmia Incidence increases with age Not life-threatening by itself; can increase mortality No P-wave Disorganized electrical impulses overwhelm SA node Results in an irregular heart rhythm Treated with anticoagulation (Heparin, Warfarin [Coumadin])
Venous disease 48 Valvular incompetence Pressure transferred to capillaries of lower extremities Cells break down Debris collects Can cause nonhealing ulcers Often misinterpreted as “spider bite” Treatment is compression
Formal evaluation 49 What is your nursing diagnosis for RB? What is your desired outcome? What are appropriate interventions pertinent to your desired outcome?