1. Nursing and heart failure

2. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) or cardiac failure, is one of the most common causes of in-hospital mortality for patients with cardiac diseases. It is the second most common complication after myocardial infarction (MI). Men are affected more than women. The 5 year mortality rate for men is 60% and about 45% for women.

3. The aim for nurses
to improve patient outcomes and quality of patient’s life
to decrease hospital admissions and, therefore, cost

4. Definition
Congestive Heart Failure indicates the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic requirements for oxygen and nutrients leading to discrepancies between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Changes in: heart rate stroke volume contractility
preload
afterload

6. Compensatory Mechanisms
ADRENERGIC MECHANISM
RENAL MECHANISM (RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERON SYSTEM)
VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY

7. ETIOLOGY coronary heart disease long-standing hypertension
cardiomyopathy
valvular dysfunction, valvular diseases
inflammatory or degenerative cardiac muscle diseases

8. Precipitating factors
cessation of cardiac drug intake
dysrythmias
fever
hypoxia
hypoxemia
anemia
respiratory and/or metabolic acidosis
electrolyte imbalance

9. CLASSIFICATION Right-Sided Cardiac Failure Left-Sided Cardiac Failure
Forward Cardiac Failure (inability of the right and left ventricles to pump blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation, respectively. It occurs due to increased pressure in the arterial system (afterload) causing decreased cardiac output and hypoperfusion of vital organs. This frequently occurs with aortic stenosis and/or systemic hypertension)
Backward Cardiac Failure (inadequacy of the ventricles to empty the blood into the arterial circulation. This causes accumulation of fluid and elevation of pressure (e.g. increasing in all chambers of the heart and in the venous system behind the affected ventricles). Myocardial infarct and cardiomyopathy causes decreased systolic ejection which can lead to backward CHF)
Acute and Chronic Cardiac Failure
Low ventricular output (infarction, hypotension, cardiomyopathy or hemorrhage) and high ventricular output (fever, thyrotoxicosis, anemia, pregnancy) CHF

10. Assessment Parameters
Respiratory Assessment
Cardiovascular Assessment (including capillary wedge pressure)
Renal Function Assessment
Peripheral Assessment
CNS Assessment

11. Laboratory Result Analysis
arterial blood gases
liver function tests
kidneys function tests

12. Pharmacological Management
Increasing Oxygen Supply
Decreasing Oxygen Demand (Positive Inotropic Agents) – cardiac glycosides
Negative chronotropic agents (beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers)
Reducing afterload and preload (nitrates, hydralazine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors)
Diuretics (Thiazides, Loop Diuretics)

13. Nursing Interventions
Promoting Rest
Promotion of Tissue Perfusion (moderate daily exercise, adequate oxygen administration as ordered, and diuresis)
Fluid and Dietary Considerations

14. Patient Education
Patient teaching is one of the most important factors in nursing management of congestive heart failure. Recurrent episodes of cardiac failure are often due in part to noncompliance, such as failing to follow medication therapy, straying from dietary guidelines, missing medical appointments, engagement in excessive and unregulated exercise, and failing to recognize recurring symptoms. Topics which should be covered in teaching include: gradual increase in activity as tolerated, which should be discontinued when symptomatic; medication actions, side effects, dosage, scheduling, administration, and signs of toxicity; encouragement of medical follow ups; report of any untoward symptoms that could indicate worsening of the condition (shortness of breath, nocturnal dyspnea, productive cough, ankle edema, anginal pain, palpitations, and extreme fatigue); maintaining weight; sodium and fluid restriction; prevention of infection, and avoidance of coffee and tobacco, which increase the workload on the heart by increasing sympathetic stimulation and causing vasoconstriction.