Plant Structure & Function, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Mitochondria, & Chloroplasts

Learning Goals Be able to relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. 2. Be able to explain the interrelationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration 3. Be able to identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Be able to connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell. 5. Be able to identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis

Day 1 Major plant organs & tissues Functions of major plant organs & tissues

Tissue Organization in Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Dermal Tissue Generally a single layer of cells , is considered the "skin" of the plant Tissue Type: Primarily parenchyma cells Function: Main role is protection of the plant Ground Tissue Makes up the bulk of the plant Tissue Types: Predominately parenchyma, but collenchyma and schlerenchyma cells are found Functions: include photosynthesis, storage, and support Vascular Tissue Tissue Types: Composed of xylem, phloem, parenchyma, schlerenchyma Functions: Involved in the transport of water, ions, minerals, and food. Also has a secondary role in support Retrieved from http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/plantanatomy.htm

Plant Growth (Cells Involved) Plants exhibit a growth pattern called indeterminate growth The plant retains areas where rapidly dividing, undifferentiated (not distinguished) cells remain all through the life of the plant These areas are called meristems Meristematic tissue continues to rapidly divide producing undifferentiated cells which eventually become other types of cells Plants do not have a pre-programmed body plan They have constants like leaf shape and branching patterns, but you can never predict where a new branch will come about on a tree... Plants continue to grow throughout their life

Xylem vs. Phloem

Xylem vs. Phloem Diagram

Cambium The vascular cambium is a lateral (side-view)meristem in the vascular tissue of plants. The source of secondary xylem production and secondary phloem It is a type of meristem. Primary meristems are the apical meristems on root tips and shoot tips. Another lateral meristem is the cork cambium, which produces cork, part of the bark.

Plant Basic Structures (Label your Diagram)

Plant Root Parts

Types of Plant Roots Description Different types of stems: axis of the plant which grows in the opposite direction from the stem, maintain the plant in place and absorbs nutrients. Fibrous: root formed in bundles where it is not possible to determine the primary root. Cauline: roots that shoot from the stem. Tubercular: root in the form of a tubercle. Taproot: root that grows vertically into the earth (Starchy, vegetables, etc.)

Visualization for Types of Plant Roots http://www.infovisual.info/01/013_en.html

Seed A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food.

Leaf Tissue

Purpose of Guard Cells Guard cells are cells surrounding each stoma. They help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab9/guard.html

Guard Cells found on lower leaf tissue

Day 2 & Day 3 Role of ATP in photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration. Relationship between Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Identify reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration.

ATP Remember from Biochemistry. What is ATP, and what http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm Remember from Biochemistry. What is ATP, and what Is it USED for????? ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to store and transport ENERGY ATP Image by: Riedell

CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY 3 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS Adenosine triphosphate ATP = __________________________

ATP can change into ADP Adenosine diphosphate 2 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS Adenosine diphosphate ADP = __________________________

ATP releases energy stored in a high energy http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html ATP releases energy stored in a high energy chemical bond by removing the phosphate and becoming ADP ATP → ____ + ____ + ADP

The energy to do this comes from ____________ like _____________ Cells ________ energy by adding the phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP. STORE The energy to do this comes from ____________ like _____________ FOODS GLUCOSE It’s like recharging the battery ! ADP + ___ + ________ → ___ ATP

Photosynthesis consumed ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. consumed Product Y Reaction 1 → Product → X Reaction 2 → A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

Myth: Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT . . . . Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif

BUT… We “see” reflected light Light wavelengths that are ___________ off of objects bounce back to our eyes . That is the ___________ we “see” GREEN plants absorb all wavelengths except green, so that is what is Reflected! REFLECTED COLOR Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html

GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________ but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______ the other colors and leaves usually look green ALL THE TIME hides

In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter. FALL http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm

carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll Then we can see the carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll HIDDEN http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg

There are two types of chlorophyll © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b absorbs some ______light and even more _________ light. red Blue-violet Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red

Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a GREEN red

SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS? © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b THE ONES CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS THE BEST ________ and _______________ Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red Blue-violet

ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. HIGH ENERGY ____________ make photosynthesis work! ELECTRONS http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif

Where do you find the Chloroplast?

Chloroplast inside Plant Cell (found in leaf tissue)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Oxygen Light & Water ATP NADPH Light-Independent Reactions

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE ATP SYNTHASE ↓ PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓ ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM ↓ PHOTOSYSTEM I OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

↓ ↓ WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM I? It was discovered and named 1st PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓ ↓ PHOTOSYSTEM I Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS SEE A MOVIE ATP SYNTHASE IN ACTION See an animation about the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.sw http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION Requires ______________ Molecules are part of ________________ Made up of __________________ connected by ______________________ & ___________________ Uses light energy to change ADP + P → _______ NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________ Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________ LIGHT THYLAKOID membranes PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP SYNTHASE ATP NADPH H20 oxygen

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light & Water Oxygen ATP NADPH (CH2O)n Carbon Dioxide Light-Independent Reactions CALVIN CYCLE

Calvin Cycle CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced See Calvin cycle animation Sugars and other compounds

CALVIN CYCLE ____________ require ____________ (also called _________________________) ____________ require ____________ Happens in _________ between thylakoids NADPH donates _______________ ATP donates _________________ CO2 donates ______________ to make __________ LIGHT INDEPENDENT DOES NOT LIGHT STROMA Hydrogen + electrons ENERGY Carbon & oxygen GLUCOSE http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis AMOUNT OF WATER ____________________ Water is one of the raw materials needed, so A shortage of water can ________________ photosynthesis slow or stop Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss. http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis TEMPERATURE Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop Conifers in winter may carry out photosynthesis only occasionally http://www.sustland.umn.edu/maint/images/evergreen10.jpg

Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________. REMEMBER CELL BIO Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________. Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC or TOO HOT cause proteins to unwind or _________ pH temperature DENATURE http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpg http://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis LIGHT INTENSITY ____________________ More light increases rate of photosynthesis up to a certain level until plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

Overview of Photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Animations http://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/animations/ch08p01b.htm

energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________ This process of releasing the energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________ ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION  Image by Riedell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe  

The first step in cellular respiration = __________________ Glycolysis happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria GLYCOLYSIS CYTOPLASM

Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) BUT it needs some ____________to get it started. What molecule do you think is going to supply the energy do this? sweet split apart DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN ENERGY ATP

____________________ + _______________ GLYCOLYSIS ________ ↓ ___________ → → _____________ ____________________ + _______________ GLUCOSE 2 PYRUVIC ACID ATP ATP ATP ATP NADH NADH 2 ATP’s 4 ATP’s PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________ Net gain of ________ and __________ 2 ATP’s 2 NADH

REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next. OXYGEN

Flowchart Cellular Respiration Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present.

Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing KREBS CYCLE _______________ follows glycolysis if oxygen is present

REMEMBER: Glycolysis happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria. Krebs cycle happens in _____________ inside the mitochondria CYTOPLASM MATRIX

KREBS CYCLE Kreb’s Cycle PRODUCES: 3 1 1 4

Electron Transport Chain Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.

Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are located in the WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? ET Glycolysis KREBS Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are located in the ___________________________ Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

INTERMEMBRANE SPACE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CRISTAE MATRIX Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

Cellular Respiration: An Overview WHATS THE BIG PICTURE? Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Electron Transport Chain Glucose Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: ______________________ _______________________ GLYCOLYSIS KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

GLYCOLYSIS Happens in ______________ Breaks down ____________ into ________________ Produces _______ __________ CYTOPLASM outside mitochondria 1 glucose 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) 2 2

KREBS CYCLE happens in ________________ Breaks down _________________ Produces: ____ ____ ____ ____ MATRIX inside mitochondria 2 pyruvic acid 2 6 8 2

ELECTRON TRANSPORT Enzymes found in _____________ Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions donated by _______ and _______ Makes ___________ ________ acts a final electron acceptor to produce ________ cristae (inner membrane of mitochondria) NADH FADH2 32 (net) ATP OXYGEN H2O

After Glycolysis what happends when NO Oxygen is Present?

PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = ANAEROBIC = AEROBIC

PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN WITHOUT 2 kinds of fermentation ___________________ & _____________________ WITHOUT ANAEROBIC Alcoholic Lactic acid

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2 NAD+ Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise CO2 bubbles make _____________ in bread Alcohol _______________ during cooking air spaces evaporates http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2 NAD+ Happens when ___________ make _______ or ____________ make ______ yeast beer bacteria wine http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →______________ + ________ PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID NAD+ muscles Happens in _____________ during ____________when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness exercise http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →______________ + ________ PYRUVIC ACID NAD+ LACTIC ACID Happens when bacteria are used to make __________and ____________ like: Yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, pickles, cheese sour cream, & kimchi food beverages http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html

Overview of Cellular Respiration

Aerobic v. Anaerobic Respiration Animation http://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/animations/ch08p02d.htm

References http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/plantanatomy.htm http://sciences.aum.edu/bi/bi4523/student/cardwell/phvre.html Plus others already cited throughout presentation

Strands Touched SC.912.L.14.7- Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. 2. SC.912.L.18.9- Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration 3. SC.912.L.18.8 - Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. SC.912.L.18.10 - Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell. 5. SC.912.L.18.7 - Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis