1. ENERGY & LIFE Photosynthesis http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html

2. _____________ can make their own food using energy from sunlight. Ex: AUTOTROPHS http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

3. __________________ get energy by consuming other organisms Ex: HETEROTROPHS http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

4. Images: http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? ACTIVE TRANSPORT Na+ - K + PUMP Endocytosis Exocytosis Animation from:

5. WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? *Movement *Synthesis of biomolecules *Reproduction Meiosis: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/ Cilia: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe Replication: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4c.asp Transcription:http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gif Translation:

6. ATP Image by: Riedell http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to store and transport ENERGY

7. CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY ATP = __________________________ Adenosine triphosphate ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS 3

8. ATP can change into ADP ADP = __________________________ Adenosine diphosphate ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS 2

9. ATP → ____ + ____ + http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html ATP releases energy stored in a high energy chemical bond by removing the phosphate and becoming ADP ADP

10. ADP + ___ + ________ → ___ The energy to do this comes from ____________ like _____________ Cells ________ energy by adding the phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP. ATP It’s like recharging the battery ! STORE FOODSGLUCOSE

11. ATP is useful BUT... ATP is great for TRANSFERRING ENERGY, but _____ good for storing ________ amounts of energy for the ______________. A single molecule of GLUCOSE stores more than _________the chemical energy. Cells only keep enough ATP around to last a few seconds and recharge it by burning___________. http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html NOTLARGE LONG TERM 90 times glucose

12. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs

13. REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

14. Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this simple question: When a tiny seed grows into a huge plant, where does all the “new plant” come from? http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG

15. THE BIG PICTURE Scientists discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform CO 2 and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen. _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ Carbon dioxide WATERSugars Oxygen 6 CO 2 _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ 6 H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 6 O 2 →

16. In addition to water and carbon dioxide, __________________ and __________________ are needed for photosynthesis to happen. chlorophyll light energy http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm

17. ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. Photosynthesis consumed Reaction 1 →Product → X Reaction 2 → Product Y A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

18. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products LIGHT ENERGY 6CO 2 + 6H 2 OSUGAR + 6O 2

19. Scientist 1961- American chemist ________________________ received the Nobel prize for figuring out the chemical _______________ used by plants to make sugar http://www.bookrags.com/Melvin_Calvin Melvin Calvin pathway http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Calvincycle.html

20. Visible light is made up of many different _______________of light Your eyes “see” different sizes of waves as different ___________ http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg wavelengths colors

21. Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT.... Myth: Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif

22. BUT… We “see” reflected light Light wavelengths that are ___________ off of objects bounce back to our eyes. That is the ___________ we “see” Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html REFLECTED COLOR

23. This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue. _______ light is ____________ to your eyes and it looks BLUE http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg except absorbs ALL BLUE reflected

24. Objects “look BLACK” because black dye ________________ of the wavelengths of light. When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave. That is why wearing a black T-shirt in the summer feels warmer than wearing a white t-shirt. http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif absorbs ALL ENERGY

25. The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light. _______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing white clothing is “cooler”. REFLECTS ALL LITTLE http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif http://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg

26. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________. pigments By: VanderWal

27. The main energy absorbing molecule in green plants is ___________________ _________________ are plant pigments too. (These look yellow, orange, and red) CAROTENOIDS http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg CHLOROPHYLL

28. GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________ but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______ the other colors and leaves usually look green ALL THE TIME hides

29. red Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a absorbs the _____ & ________ wavelengths best. It absorbs very little ______ light. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b red violet Blue

30. red Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll b absorbs some ______light and even more _________ light. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b red Blue-violet

31. That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN….. Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light! http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg REFLECTS

32. That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______; so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy. http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1 USE MORE ABSORB DOESN’T

33. ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif HIGH ENERGY ____________ make photosynthesis work! ELECTRONS

34. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS Proteins that are part of the thylakoid membrane organize ________________________________ into clusters called _____________________ PHOTOSYSTEMS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG Light absorbing PIGMENTS

35. LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS Molecule that carries = _______ Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS = ___________ ATP NADP + Images by Riedell

36. ________ + _____ + _____ → ____________ HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too ____________ is one of the carriers that cells use to transport high energy electrons. NADP + 2 e - H+H+ _______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

37. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS See an animation about the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall SEE A MOVIE ATP SYNTHASE IN ACTION http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.sw http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf

38. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION Requires ______________ Molecules are part of ________________ Made up of __________________ connected by ______________________ & ___________________ Uses light energy to change ADP + P → _______ NADP + + 2e - + H + → _________ Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________ LIGHT ATP THYLAKOID membranes PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN NADPH H20H20 oxygen ATP SYNTHASE

39. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

40. CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Calvin Cycle See Calvin cycle animation

41. CALVIN CYCLE (also called _________________________) ____________ require ____________ Happens in _________ between thylakoids NADPH donates _______________ ATP donates _________________ CO 2 donates ______________ to make __________ LIGHT LIGHT INDEPENDENT ENERGY STROMA Hydrogen + electrons Carbon & oxygen GLUCOSE http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html DOES NOT

42. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis ____________________ Water is one of the raw materials needed, so A shortage of water can ________________ photosynthesis AMOUNT OF WATER http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss. slow or stop

43. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop Conifers in winter may carry out photosynthesis only occasionally TEMPERATURE http://www.sustland.umn.edu/maint/images/evergreen10.jpg

44. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis ____________________ More light increases rate of photosynthesis up to a certain level until plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis LIGHT INTENSITY See effect of light experiment http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif http://www.teachnet.ie/foneill/exper.htm

45. THE BIG PICTURE PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides the _____________ we breathe and the __________ heterotrophs (like us) consume to survive _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ Carbon dioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen OXYGEN sugars