第 19 讲不定式（一）. 19.1 不定式的结构形式 1. 不定式的一般形式、进行体和完成体形式：不定时不带时（ tense ）的标记, 也不受主语人称（ person ）和数（ number ）的制约，但有体（ aspect ）、态（ voice ）的形态变化。不定式可以是一般形式（

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第 19 讲不定式（一）

19.1 不定式的结构形式 1. 不定式的一般形式、进行体和完成体形式：不定时不带时（ tense ）的标记, 也不受主语人称（ person ）和数（ number ）的制约，但有体（ aspect ）、态（ voice ）的形态变化。不定式可以是一般形式（ to write ）, 进行体形式（ to be writing ）, 完成体形式（ to have written ）以及完成进行体形式（ to have been writing ）

Eg. I have a lot of work to do. Eg. I have a lot of work to do. She had no need to be worrying. She had no need to be worrying. He is said to have left Shanghai. He is said to have left Shanghai. The president was reported to have been flying across the Atlantic. The president was reported to have been flying across the Atlantic. We decided not to buy that house. We decided not to buy that house. The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack. The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack.

2. 带 to 不定式与不带 to 不定式 2. 带 to 不定式与不带 to 不定式 A. 在情态助动词之后： A. 在情态助动词之后： A. 在情态助动词之后 A. 在情态助动词之后 B. 在半助动词之后： B. 在半助动词之后： B. 在半助动词之后 B. 在半助动词之后 C. 在情态成语之后： C. 在情态成语之后： C. 在情态成语之后 C. 在情态成语之后 D. 在 rather than/sooner than 之后： D. 在 rather than/sooner than 之后： D. 在 rather than/sooner than 之后 D. 在 rather than/sooner than 之后 E. 在 “ 主动词 + 主动词 ” 固定搭配的第一主动词之后 E. 在 “ 主动词 + 主动词 ” 固定搭配的第一主动词之后 E. 在 “ 主动词 + 主动词 ” 固定搭配的第一主动词之后 E. 在 “ 主动词 + 主动词 ” 固定搭配的第一主动词之后 F. 在 “ 使役动词 + 宾语 ” 之后： F. 在 “ 使役动词 + 宾语 ” 之后： F. 在 “ 使役动词 + 宾语 ” 之后 F. 在 “ 使役动词 + 宾语 ” 之后 G. 在 “ 感觉动词 + 宾语 ” 之后： G. 在 “ 感觉动词 + 宾语 ” 之后：

H. 在 “ have known + 宾语 ” 之后 H. 在 “ have known + 宾语 ” 之后 H. 在 “ have known + 宾语 ” 之后 H. 在 “ have known + 宾语 ” 之后 I. 在 help ( 或 help+ 宾语 ) 之后 I. 在 help ( 或 help+ 宾语 ) 之后 I. 在 help ( 或 help+ 宾语 ) 之后 I. 在 help ( 或 help+ 宾语 ) 之后 J. 在介词 except /but 之后 J. 在介词 except /but 之后 J. 在介词 except /but 之后 J. 在介词 except /but 之后 K. 在 “ why.../ why not...? ” 之后 K. 在 “ why.../ why not...? ” 之后 K. 在 “ why.../ why not...? ” 之后 K. 在 “ why.../ why not...? ” 之后 L. 在其他一些习惯用法中 L. 在其他一些习惯用法中 L. 在其他一些习惯用法中 L. 在其他一些习惯用法中

Eg. We needn ’ t stay this evening. Eg. We needn ’ t stay this evening. We don ’ t need to stay this evening. We don ’ t need to stay this evening. Need we stat this evening? Need we stat this evening? I daren ’ t go there. I daren ’ t go there. I don not dare to go there. I don not dare to go there. Does he dare to go? Does he dare to go? Does he dare to go? Does he dare to go?

Eg. It ’ s sure to rain. Eg. It ’ s sure to rain. Have you got to go to the dentist ’ s today? Have you got to go to the dentist ’ s today? You ’ d better have that bad tooth pulled out. You ’ d better have that bad tooth pulled out. I happened to be out when he called. I happened to be out when he called. I happened to be out when he called. I happened to be out when he called.

Eg. I ’ d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. Eg. I ’ d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. I ’ d sooner stay at home. I ’ d sooner stay at home. I would as soon do it by myself. I would as soon do it by myself. Since it ’ s a fine day we might as well walk. Since it ’ s a fine day we might as well walk. He would rather listen to others than talk himself. He would rather listen to others than talk himself. I would just as soon stay as go. I would just as soon stay as go. I would just as soon stay as go. I would just as soon stay as go.

Eg. Rather than cause trouble, he left. Eg. Rather than cause trouble, he left. Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress. Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress. He decided to write rather than telephone. He decided to write rather than telephone. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.

Let ’ s make believe we have a million dollars. Let ’ s make believe we have a million dollars. We hadn ’ t time for luncheon, but we made do with sandwiches. We hadn ’ t time for luncheon, but we made do with sandwiches. They are not rich, but they make do on what they have. They are not rich, but they make do on what they have. He let fall a hint of his intentions. He let fall a hint of his intentions. Don ’ t let go of the handle. Don ’ t let go of the handle. I ’ ve heard tell of him. I ’ ve heard tell of him. I ’ ve heard tell of him. I ’ ve heard tell of him.

Eg. We can ’ t let this go on. Eg. We can ’ t let this go on. I will not let my children be treated in that way. I will not let my children be treated in that way. Let there be an end of this misunderstanding. Let there be an end of this misunderstanding. I don ’ t know how she makes the money go round. I don ’ t know how she makes the money go round. He won ’ t have us criticize his work. He won ’ t have us criticize his work. John made her tell him everything. John made her tell him everything. John made her tell him everything. John made her tell him everything.

Eg. Oh, Robert, I didn ’ t hear you say that. Eg. Oh, Robert, I didn ’ t hear you say that. The two boys were sorry indeed to see him go. The two boys were sorry indeed to see him go. They didn ’ t observe Christine come in and go upstairs. They didn ’ t observe Christine come in and go upstairs. I watched him eat his breakfast. I watched him eat his breakfast. We feel the house shake. We feel the house shake. Look at that boy jump! Look at that boy jump! Look at that boy jump! Look at that boy jump!

Eg. I have never known that man smile. Eg. I have never known that man smile. Have you ever known him tell a lie? Have you ever known him tell a lie? That man has never been known to smile. That man has never been known to smile. That man has never been known to smile. That man has never been known to smile.

Eg. All this has helped to raise farm yields steadily. Eg. All this has helped to raise farm yields steadily. Can I help to lift this heavy box? Can I help to lift this heavy box? I ’ ll help you solve it. I ’ ll help you solve it. You may as well help me to get things straight. You may as well help me to get things straight. You may as well help me to get things straight. You may as well help me to get things straight.

Eg. They did nothing except work. Eg. They did nothing except work. There ’ s no choice but to wait. There ’ s no choice but to wait. What he will do is to spoil the whole thing. What he will do is to spoil the whole thing. All you do now is to complete the form. All you do now is to complete the form. The only thing I can do now is to go on by myself. The only thing I can do now is to go on by myself. The thing to do now is to clear up this mess. The thing to do now is to clear up this mess. The thing to do now is to clear up this mess. The thing to do now is to clear up this mess.

Eg. Why argue with him? Eg. Why argue with him? Why not give Mary some flowers? Why not give Mary some flowers? Why not give Mary some flowers? Why not give Mary some flowers?

Eg. Go post a letter for me. Eg. Go post a letter for me. I must go telephone. I must go telephone. Come look. Come look. Come have a chat with me. Come have a chat with me. Try eat a little. Try eat a little. I ’ ll try help him. I ’ ll try help him. Me borrow money form him! Me borrow money form him!

19.2 关于不定式符号的几个问题 1. 不定式符号的单独使问题： 1. 不定式符号的单独使问题：为了避免重复，可以省略不定式符号之后的动词原形及其补足成分。这种不定式符号的单独使用常见于非正式语体。为了避免重复，可以省略不定式符号之后的动词原形及其补足成分。这种不定式符号的单独使用常见于非正式语体。 Eg. George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don ’ t think he really wants to. Eg. George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don ’ t think he really wants to. You may go if you wish to. You may go if you wish to. He always speaks faster than he needs to. He always speaks faster than he needs to.

2. 不定式符号的省略问题： 2. 不定式符号的省略问题：当两个带 to 不定式由 and 或 or 连接时，第二个不定式符号常可省略。当两个带 to 不定式由 and 或 or 连接时，第二个不定式符号常可省略。 Eg. I intend to call on him and discuss this question again. Eg. I intend to call on him and discuss this question again. She asked me to telephone or wire to her on Monday. She asked me to telephone or wire to her on Monday. Please go to the seaside to swim, to get suntanned. Please go to the seaside to swim, to get suntanned.

3. 不定式符号 to 与介词 to 的辨别问题： 3. 不定式符号 to 与介词 to 的辨别问题： A. 动词 + 介词 to A. 动词 + 介词 to A. 动词 + 介词 to A. 动词 + 介词 to B. 动词 + 名词 / 代词 + 介词 to B. 动词 + 名词 / 代词 + 介词 to B. 动词 + 名词 / 代词 + 介词 to B. 动词 + 名词 / 代词 + 介词 to C. 动词 +-ed 分词 + 介词 to C. 动词 +-ed 分词 + 介词 to C. 动词 +-ed 分词 + 介词 to C. 动词 +-ed 分词 + 介词 to D. 动词 + 副词小品词 + 介词 to D. 动词 + 副词小品词 + 介词 to D. 动词 + 副词小品词 + 介词 to D. 动词 + 副词小品词 + 介词 to E. 形容词 + 介词 to E. 形容词 + 介词 to E. 形容词 + 介词 to E. 形容词 + 介词 to F. 名词 + 介词 to F. 名词 + 介词 to F. 名词 + 介词 to F. 名词 + 介词 to G. 以介词 to 结尾的复杂介词 G. 以介词 to 结尾的复杂介词 G. 以介词 to 结尾的复杂介词 G. 以介词 to 结尾的复杂介词

这类搭配常见的有： add to, agree to, adhere to, admit to, allude to, amount to, attend to, attest to, bow to, cling to, come to, correspond to, confess to, consent to, contribute to, object to, get to, pertain to, react to, resort to, submit to, succeed to, stick to, swear to, take to, trust to, witness to, yield to 等这类搭配常见的有： add to, agree to, adhere to, admit to, allude to, amount to, attend to, attest to, bow to, cling to, come to, correspond to, confess to, consent to, contribute to, object to, get to, pertain to, react to, resort to, submit to, succeed to, stick to, swear to, take to, trust to, witness to, yield to 等witness to, yield to 等witness to, yield to 等

这类搭配常见的有： ascribe...to, apply...to, attribute...to, abbreviate...to, accustom...to, devote...to, dedicate...to, owe...to, prefer...to, reconcile...to, reduce...to, resign...to 等这类搭配常见的有： ascribe...to, apply...to, attribute...to, abbreviate...to, accustom...to, devote...to, dedicate...to, owe...to, prefer...to, reconcile...to, reduce...to, resign...to 等 reconcile...to, reduce...to, resign...to 等 reconcile...to, reduce...to, resign...to 等

这类搭配常见的有 be accustomed to, be abbreviated to, be reduced to, be resigned to, be reconciled to, be devoted to, be given to, be used to 等这类搭配常见的有 be accustomed to, be abbreviated to, be reduced to, be resigned to, be reconciled to, be devoted to, be given to, be used to 等 used to 等 used to 等

这类搭配常见的有：这类搭配常见的有： Get round to, get down to, get near to, face up to, feel up to, look forward to 等 Get round to, get down to, get near to, face up to, feel up to, look forward to 等feel up to, look forward to 等feel up to, look forward to 等

这类搭配常见的有：这类搭配常见的有： Adjacent to, averse to, deaf to, equal to, loyal to, preferable to, similar to, superior to, sensitive to, tantamount to 等 Adjacent to, averse to, deaf to, equal to, loyal to, preferable to, similar to, superior to, sensitive to, tantamount to 等 sensitive to, tantamount to 等 sensitive to, tantamount to 等

这类搭配常见的有：这类搭配常见的有： Obstacle to, limit to, aid to, objection to, indifference to, key to, answer to, hinderance to Obstacle to, limit to, aid to, objection to, indifference to, key to, answer to, hinderance to hinderance to hinderance to

这类复杂介词常见的有：这类复杂介词常见的有： According to, as to, owing to, preliminary to, preparatory to, previous to, prior to, thanks to, in addition to, in relation to, with a view to, with an eye to.... According to, as to, owing to, preliminary to, preparatory to, previous to, prior to, thanks to, in addition to, in relation to, with a view to, with an eye to....