End of Course Exam Review Objective: Review key terms and topics in biology that students often find confusing.

Group A and B plants not getting the same amount of light. 1. Validity refers to whether or not an experiment was effectively designed to answer the research question. Robert wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two groups of plants as shown below: Is this a valid experiment? Explain why or why not. Cardboard box music player window Group B Group A No. Group A and B plants not getting the same amount of light.

Repeat experiment or use more plants. 2. Reliability refers to how to much confidence you can have that the results of an experiment are accurate. Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. She set up two plants as shown below: Light bulb music player Cardboard box Group A Group B What should Alicia do to make sure the results of her experiment are reliable? Repeat experiment or use more plants.

Repeat experiment or use more plants. 2. Reliability refers to how to much confidence you can have that the results of an experiment are accurate. Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two plants as shown below: Light bulb music player Cardboard box Group A Group B What should Alicia do to make sure the results of his experiment are reliable? Repeat experiment or use more plants.

What is the manipulated variable in this experiment? 3. Manipulated variable refers to the one thing that’s changed in an experiment. Jose wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two groups of plants as shown below: Light bulb music player Cardboard box Group A Group B What is the manipulated variable in this experiment? Playing of music

What is the responding variable in this experiment? 4. Responding variable refers to the thing that’s measured to see how it responds to the manipulated variable. Jose wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two groups of plants as shown below: Light bulb music player Cardboard box Group A Group B What is the responding variable in this experiment? Height of plants

What should be the controlled variables in this experiment? 5. Controlled variables refer to all the things that are kept the same between experimental groups to make sure that it’s a fair test, to make sure the experiment is valid. What should be the controlled variables in this experiment? Light bulb music player Cardboard box Group A Group B All same kind of plants. Same amount of light, same amount of water, same amount of soil.

6. What is photosynthesis and why is it important to life on Earth? Way plants use light to make food (sugar). Plants at beginning of almost all food chains.

Hydrothermal vent

carbon dioxide + water + light Sugar (glucose) + oxygen 7. Identify the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis using words and/or chemical formulas carbon dioxide + water + light Sugar (glucose) + oxygen Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells? ______________________________ In the chloroplasts

8. In photosynthesis, where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from? From carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide molecules are taken apart, and atoms rearranged to form glucose and oxygen. CO2 + H2O + energy C6H12O6 + O2 Carbon dioxide water light Glucose (sugar) oxygen

Way living things break down sugar to get energy 9. What is cellular respiration and why is it important to plants and animals? Way living things break down sugar to get energy All living things get energy from sugar.

Describe the roles of photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and burning of fossil fuels in the cycling of carbon in nature. photosynthesis – respiration – decomposition – Burning fossil fuels– Plants take in carbon dioxide from air Animals breathe out carbon dioxide Carbon goes into ground when organisms die Puts carbon dioxide into air.

Sugar (glucose) + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP) 10. Identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration using words and/or chemical formulas. Sugar (glucose) + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP) Where does cellular respiration take place in cells? _______________________ Cell respiration produces energy by adding a 3rd phosphate to ADP, converting it to ___________ In the mitochondria ATP

Life builds from the bottom up Life builds from the bottom up. Give examples of how large complex molecules are made up of smaller, simpler ones…      Starch molecules made up of sugars Protein made up of amino acids DNA made up of nucleotide bases (A,G,C,T)

Glucose and ATP Both forms of energy, both needed by cells. Glucose has more energy, but less usable form. ATP has less energy, but more usable form. Glucose like $100 bill -- ATP like $1 bills

Do plants do cellular respiration? Yes! Plants need to break down sugar for energy too!

Questions?

Video: Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinating-story-of-photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten#watch

11. What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion? Diffusion = movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low. Osmosis = diffusion of water across a membrane. Red food coloring diffuses through a glass of water Water moves by osmosis from left to right

12. How does osmosis affect movement of water in and out of cells? Water tends to move in or out of cells by osmosis in such a way as to reach equilibrium (equal concentrations inside and outside) Salt water Pure water Cells in salt water tend to become dehydrated as water moves out of cells. Cells in pure water tend to become swollen as water moves into cells.

Equilibrium = Everything in _________ balance Balance applet: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balancing-act

Equilibrium = Everything in balance What happens if there are too many frogs….?

Equilibrium = Everything in balance What happens if there are too many grasshoppers….?

Equilibrium = Everything in balance Balance applet: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balancing-act

Maintaining water balance Sea water Fresh water

Pure water Low saltwater High salt water Before salt water After salt water

A B C Which jar contains pure water? Salt water? Corn syrup? pure water More water diffused into egg salt water Water diffused in and out of egg equally. corn syrup More water diffused out of egg

13. What’s the difference between active and passive transport in cells? Passive requires no energy from cells, happens by itself. Ex: _______________________________ Active requires energy from cells. Ex: using ATP energy to move materials from area of low concentration to high. diffusion, osmosis.

What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion? active and passive transport?

Diffusion or Osmosis? osmosis diffusion

1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2 1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport. passive Concentration gradient Low concentration High concentration Cell membrane

1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2 1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport. passive Concentration gradient Low concentration High concentration Cell membrane

1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2 1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport. passive active Concentration gradient Low concentration High concentration Cell membrane

1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2 1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport. passive active Concentration gradient Low concentration High concentration Cell membrane

Animations and Quiz: (diffusion, active vs. passive transport) http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/diffusion.html

Videos Diffusion & Osmosis Active & Passive Transport http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXCKjhE1xco Active & Passive Transport http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfy92hdaAH0

Questions?

Check for Understanding Of what’s been covered so far…. Put a ✓ by the things you understand well. Circle the number of items you don’t understand well. On scratch paper: Your name Tell me what topics/words you don’t understand well. Any questions you have about anything.

14. Explain how DNA, chromosomes, genes, ribosomes, and proteins are related to each other. DNA = molecule that holds code for making proteins. “Blueprint for life.” Chromosomes = bundles of DNA. Gene = section of DNA that holds code for a making particular protein. Ribosome = part of cell that helps assemble protein from gene code.

Ribosomes join amino acids together to make protein molecules….

Video: DNA http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-twisting-tale-of-dna-judith-hauck#watch

15. How many sets of chromosomes does a typical animal cell have? 2 sets of chromosomes, one from each parent How many chromosomes does each human body cell have? _______ How many homologous pairs? __________ 46 23

Daughter cells same as parent cell. 16. What kind of cells are made in mitosis? How do daughter cells compare with the parent cells? Body cells. Daughter cells same as parent cell. Parent cell Daughter cells Mitosis = “My TOES-ees”. How you make more toe cells, body cells. 

17. What kind of cells are made in meiosis 17. What kind of cells are made in meiosis? How do daughter cells compare with parent cells? Parent cell Reproductive cells (sperm and egg). Daughter cells different from parent cells (half as many chromosomes) The way we make EGG and sperm cells. All offspring look DIFFERENT. Mei-O-sis = Daughter cells

Videos: Mitosis & Meiosis Short (2 minutes) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba9LXKH2ztU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlY Long (7 minutes)

18. Why does sexual reproduction result in more genetic variation in offspring than asexual reproduction? Sexual = each offspring gets different combination of genes from 2 parents. Asexual = each offspring gets same genes from 1 parent. Same as cloning.

Need 2 recessive alleles to show the trait. 19. What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive one? How many recessive alleles does an organism have to have in order to show that trait? Dominant allele is stronger form of a trait, recessive weaker. Dominant overpowers recessive. Need 2 recessive alleles to show the trait.

20. A homozygous blue eyed man marries a heterozygous brown-eyed woman 20. A homozygous blue eyed man marries a heterozygous brown-eyed woman. What is the probability that their first child will have blue eyes? Use a Punnett square to explain your answer. (B = brown eyes, b = blue eyes) b b B Bb Bb 50% probability blue eyes (bb) 50% probability brown eyes (Bb) b bb bb

50% chance of black fur, long tail 21. In mice, black fur (B) is dominant over brown (b) and short tails (S) are dominant over long (s). If a mouse heterozygous both for black fur and short tail is crossed with a mouse homozygous both for black fur and long tail, what is the probability that the first offspring will have black fur and long tails? F.O.I.L. (First-Outside-Inside-Last) BbSs  x   BBss BS Bs bS bs Bs BBSs BBss BbSs Bbss  50% chance of black fur, long tail

Check for Understanding Of what’s been covered so far…. Put a ✓ by the things you understand well. Circle the number of items you don’t understand well. On scratch paper: Your name Tell me what topics/words you don’t understand well. Any questions you have about anything.

Punnett Square Practice http://www.biologycorner.com/bio2/genetics/notes_dihybrid.html Punnett Square Problems worksheet (below)

What is evolution? How life changes over time, the way new species of living things come from previously existing ones.

22. How does sexual reproduction contribute to evolution by natural selection? Sexual reproduction = more variations (differences) in offspring. More variations = more chance of some offspring being better adapted for survival.

Changes in DNA. Caused by… 23. What are mutations? Changes in DNA. Caused by… Mistakes made in copying DNA for new cells, or Exposure to chemicals, radiation from environment.

24. How can mutations affect evolution of a species by natural selection? Mutations = another way we get more variations (differences ) in offspring. More variation = more chances some may be better adapted for survival than others. How did mutations in finch beaks and tortoise necks affect evolution of these animals in the Galapagos islands?

25. What’s the difference between inherited and acquired characteristics? Give an example of each. Inherited characteristics passed from parents to offspring by DNA. Ex: hair color, eye color. Acquired characteristics are not. Ex: getting big muscles from exercising, losing leg in accident.

26. How does evolution by natural selection explain why giraffes have long necks? Long ago, giraffe ancestors had shorter necks. Giraffes born with longer necks better able to survive, so reproduced and passed trait to offspring. Short neck giraffes didn’t survive and died out. Misconception: Giraffes used to have short necks. They made their necks get longer by stretching, passed trait to offspring.

Video: Evolution & Natural Selection http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Me_041nrRZk

Big area to cover. Hard to find them in forests, mountains, etc. 27. Constraints = Things that limit how much you can do in an experiment. Suppose you wanted to find out how many bald eagles in live in Washington state. Describe two constraints, other than cost, that scientists could encounter while trying to solve this problem. In your description be sure to: - Identify two constraints other than cost. - Describe how each constraint is a limitation on the solution . Eagles always moving around. Hard to count if they don’t stay in one place. Big area to cover. Hard to find them in forests, mountains, etc.

When eradicating invasive species threatens endangered species recovery San Francisco Bay bird threatened both by removal and existence of salt marsh cordgrass Efforts to eradicate invasive species increasingly occur side by side with programs focused on recovery of endangered ones. But what should resource managers do when the eradication of an invasive species threatens an endangered species? The scientists combined biological and economic data for Spartina and the Clapper Rail to develop a modeling framework to balance conflicting management goals, including endangered species recovery and invasive species removal, given budgetary constraints.

Animals get nitrogen from eating plants, other animals 28. Nitrogen makes up 78% of atmosphere, and living things need it to make proteins. But atmospheric nitrogen has to be changed into a different forms for living things to use it for making proteins. How do plants and animals get nitrogen in a form they can use? N in air taken in by bacteria in soil, changed to form plants can take in through roots. Animals get nitrogen from eating plants, other animals N2 NO2 NO3 Peanuts are high in protein because the roots of the peanut plant contain bacteria that can “fix” nitrogen for making protein.

Which Naturescape tree is able to “fix” nitrogen? Red Alder

Use the space below to draw a simplified diagram of the nitrogen cycle Use the space below to draw a simplified diagram of the nitrogen cycle. Be sure to identify and explain the following: nitrogen fixation, decomposition, excretion, uptake by producers, reuse by consumers, and denitrification. N2 in Atmosphere Reuse by consumers (eating) Uptake by producers Denitrification (bacteria) Nitrogen fixation (bacteria) Decomposition, Excretion (dying and defecating)

29. How is energy transformed and transferred in the ecosystem shown? Light energy transformed to chemical energy (sugar) during photosynthesis by plants. Transform = change form Chemical energy transferred when animals eat plants or other animals. Transfer = same form, moving from one thing to another.

Renewable: solar power, wind power, trees. How are renewable resources different from non-renewable ones? Give examples of each. Renewable ones are unlimited in supply, non-renewable ones are limited. Renewable: solar power, wind power, trees. Non-renewable: fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)

What is sustainable development and why is it important What is sustainable development and why is it important? Give an example. Way of using natural resources so they don’t run out. More solar power, less fossil fuels. When cutting forests, leave enough for animals.

What are invasive species and how do they disturb the equilibrium (balance) of an ecosystem? Animals/plants that came from somewhere else. They tend to take over, crowd out native species. This throws food webs out of balance. X X X X X X X X X What would happen to the food web if all the flowers were crowded out by blackberry bushes?

Could be poisonous to animals. This would kill them, disrupt food web. 30. Unintended consequences = things that happen that were not intended, usually not good. Describe two unintended consequences that could result from adding plants to your garden that are new to the Pacific NW, and explain how the unintended consequences could affect other plants and animals here. Might escape from your garden . Could end up crowding out other plants. Could be poisonous to animals. This would kill them, disrupt food web.

What has been an unintended consequence of people using antibacterial soaps and house cleaners? By overusing them, we are leaving the naturally resistant ones to survive and reproduce.

If a doctor prescribes antibiotics when you get sick, why is it important for you to take all the pills, even if you get better halfway through? If you don’t take them all, you’ll leave behind the ones that are already resistant to the antibiotic. They’ll reproduce, meaning the antibiotic won’t work next time.

Check for Understanding Of what’s been covered so far…. Put a ✓ by the things you understand well. Circle the number of items you don’t understand well. On scratch paper: Your name Tell me what topics/words you don’t understand well. Any questions you have about anything.

That’s it!  3 Test Taking Tips: Skip hard ones, come back to them later READ & FOLLOW DIRECTIONS! Check answers when done. Did you include everything asked for in answers? More EOC Review stuff on class website….

Still Unclear….? Punnett Squares (dihybrid cross) Osmosis & diffusion Active & passive transport Cell respiration & photosynthesis DNA, chromosomes, genes, & proteins Meiosis & mitosis Energy transformation and transferral Constraints Unintended consequences Nitrogen cycle