Water Services Trust Fund Sanitation Service Levels in Nairobi …and Beyond Presentation for the Nairobi Urban Sanitation Workshop 2 nd – 4 th July 2013 Eng. Jacqueline K. Musyoki (Mrs.), OGW Chief Executive Officer 1

Urban Low Income Areas & Sanitation Low income areas in Kenya and Nairobi: There are slightly over 2,000 (*) low income areas (LIAs) in Kenya, 383 of which are found in Nairobi In Nairobi approximately 2.9 million people are residing in a LIA More than 65% of all Nairobians are living in a low income area In Nairobi’s LIAs only 51% (Kenya 47%) of all dwellings have access to an improved sanitation facility (JMP & WSTF definition) Approximately 28% of all LIA dwellings use a pit latrine and 15% a fee- paying toilet Open defecation (e.g. “flying toilets”) is mainly practiced in a number of informal settlements with very high population densities (0.5% of all LIA dwellings in Nairobi) *): MajiData is the source of all figures used unless mentioned otherwise 2

Urban Low Income Areas in Kenya Not all urban low income areas in Kenya are similar in appearance, legal status, planning history, habitation, type of housing, etc.: Approximately 35% of all LIAs 210 are planned areas Approximately 59% are unplanned Approximately 4% are mixed areas or “other” 3

Low Income Areas in Kenya: A wide variety 4

Urban Low Income Areas in Nairobi Not all urban low income areas are similar in appearance, legal status, planning history, habitation, type of housing, etc.: Out of the 383 Nairobi, LIAs 210 are unplanned and 149 are planned (23 mixed areas) Some areas (planned & unplanned) have formal housing, others have informal housing 5

Urban Challenges.. Sanitation Challenges in Kenya Annual population growth in Kenya is estimated at 2.5% (2011 estimate) Urbanisation even accelerates at a higher pace: 4.2% between 2010 and 2015 Approximately 39% of all LIA residents in Kenya obtain their drinking water from improved sources (WSTF definition) Approximately 57.4% of all households share the sanitation facility they use with other households (28% share an improved facility) Population densities in some LIAs are so high that there is simply no sufficient space to construct toilets 6

Habitation patterns In the LIAs of Kenya only 28% of all dwelling occupants own their dwelling Many families are renting their accommodations and live together with other tenants … and often with their landlady or landlord The water supply and sanitation situation at plot level is often the result of decisions that are usually made by the landlady or landlord 7

Habitation patterns 8

Different types of LIAS require Different Sanitation Solutions Not all LIAs can be reached with the same sanitation options: *): DTF = Decentralised treatment facility; UDDT: Urine diverting dry toilet 9 LIA characteristicSanitation solutionValue chain/treatment Population density is very highPublic & communal toiletsOnsite/DTF (*) Population density is lowPlot & dwelling level toiletsDTF Tenants on plotShared toilets (on plot)DTF High water tableUDDT (*) DTF Sandy or rocky soilsUDDTDTF Connected to sewerFlush toiletSewage treatment works

Objectives of (LIA) Sanitation The UBSUP Programme has been designed around the following sanitation objectives: Social objective: Increasing access to adequate sanitation Public health objective: Good sanitation allows for better health Technical objective: Sanitation should be durable & user-friendly Financial objective: Sanitation should be affordable and sustainable Commercial objective: Sanitation should be a business Environmental objective: Sanitation should not harm the environment National & sector objectives: The Constitution and sector strategy and policy 10

Objectives of (LIA) Sanitation All these sanitation objectives have been addressed: The UBSUP programme has developed affordable user-friendly sanitation solutions (toilets) together with users (Customer-Aided Design) and other stakeholders (DTFs) A focus upon the entire sanitation chain has resulted in a more holistic approach which translated to minimal public health and environmental risks The WSTF has made an important contribution to the discussions within the sector on what constitutes adequate access and service level 11

Service levels & adequate access The WSTF has prepared 2 documents that address adequate access and (water and sanitation) coverage in detail (see the UBSUP DVD-ROM) These definitions have been used to analyse the data stored in MajiData According to the current (DRAFT) sector definition of adequate access to sanitation: “One (1) improved household or plot-level sanitation unit (door) can adequately provide sanitation access to 10 persons provided they are living on the same plot (within the same yard or compound) or on the same floor (in case of a block of flats).” 12

Service levels & adequate access The following sanitation options are considered to be improved sanitation facilities: 13 Type of sanitation facility/practice (X = improved facility) Improved facility (sanitation) WASREBJMP Urban areas Rural areas All areas Flush or pour flush to piped sewer system (not shared) X (4) XX Flush or pour flush to septic tank (not shared) XXX Flush or pour flush to pit latrine (not shared) XXX Flush/pour-flush to piped sewer system (plot-level, shared by max. 10 persons) XX Flush or pour flush to septic tank (plot-level, shared by max. 10 persons) XX Flush or pour flush to pit latrine (plot-level, shared by max. 10 persons) XX Public sanitation facility (1) XX Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) XXX Pit latrine with slabXXX Composting toiletXXX Flush of pour flush to elsewhere (2) Pit latrine without slab Bucket Hanging toilet or hanging latrine No facility or use of bush or field (3)

Service levels & adequate access UBSUp’s SafiSan toilets have been designed on the basis of the following criteria: 1.A toilet is not to be shared by more than 10 persons 2.A vault should be used for a minimum of 6 months 3.A vault should be given a minimum storage period of 6 months 14

Service levels sustanability & risk By developing DTFs and through the implementation of the UBSUP “Financing & Business Model” public health and environmental risks are minimised: Through incentive-based concepts which cover the whole sanitation chain Business models developed for artisans, manual emptiers and sanitation agents Incentives provided for Water Service Providers through the Water Sector Regulary Board (WASREB) 15

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