BLACK FREEDOM STRUGGLE 1950S AND 1960S

1955, MURDER OF EMMETT TILL Emmet Till Mose Wright

1955 ROSA PARKS ARRESTED

1956 MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

1957 “LITTLE ROCK NINE”

LUNCH COUNTER SIT-INS

FREEDOM RIDES

1963 MURDER OF MEDGAR EVERS

1963 MARCH ON WASHINGTON

SELMA TO MONTGOMERY MARCHES 1965

SNCC, STOKELY CARMICHAEL Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Among its leaders: James Lawson, Ella Baker, Stokely Carmichael

CORE Congress of Racial Equality Organized Freedom Rides

MAJOR CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION Civil Rights Act of 1964, guaranteed access of all Americans to public accommodations, public education, employment, and voting

WHAT DID CONGRESS DO? Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 opening of the War on Poverty Voting Rights Act, 1965, banned literacy tests and ensured access to the voting booth National Housing Act of 1968, authorized increase in funding for affordable housing Civil Rights Act, 1968, banned discrimination in housing and jury service

AFTER PASSAGE OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACT Black protest moved from simply legal equality to economic equality. It no longer held nonviolence as its basic principle. Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in LA; Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.

RADICALIZING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Black protest moved from simply legal equality to economic equality. It no longer held nonviolence as its basic principle. Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in LA; Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.

MALCOLM X Initially a member of the Nation of Islam, “black muslims”; called for separation from white society; In 1964 he left the Nation of Islam and worked with integrationists Assassinated by three black muslims in 1965 at a Harlem rally.

BLACK PANTHER PARTY Huey Newton and Bobby Seale organized the Black Panther Party after an unarmed teen was killed in SF in 1966 Founded in Oakland White backlash to Black Panther Party

BLACK PANTHER PARTY

FEMINISM 1960S AND 1970S

DURING KENNEDY’S “NEW FRONTIER” President Kennedy established the President’s Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) in 1961 First chairwoman: Eleanor Roosevelt Equal Pay Act 1963

DURING JOHNSON’S “GREAT SOCIETY” Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination based on gender in hiring and extended affirmative action to women. It was not enforced, called a “fluke” Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966

NOW ORGANIZING COMMITTEE, 1966

CONGRESSWOMAN SHIRLEY CHISHOLM First Black woman elected to Congress

WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT Inspired by successes of SNCC More radical than NOW Cellestine Ware founded New York Radical Feminists and called the predominately white leadership of women’s groups to work for issues of minority women.

MS. Women’s magazine founded by Gloria Steinem

ERA Equal Rights Amendment passed Congress in 1972 “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” It was endorsed by President Nixon It was never ratified

OPPONENTS Conservative wing Republican Party Spokewoman Phyllis Schlafly She believed God predetermined women’s roles and that the Congress or legal structure should not regulate them

SCHLAFLY