Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy High Energy Physics FY 2007 OMB Presentation Dr. Robin Staffin, Associate Director Office of High Energy Physics Office of Science September 26, 2005

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 2 Particle Physics, Science and Society  Big science  International visibility, prestige, Nobels,  Large international collaborations  Workforce well-prepared for industry and technical careers  Enabling science  Accelerators: HEP accelerator and detector technology enables many other scientific disciplines and medical applications  High Speed Networking and the Grid  A field which is combined with practical usefulness and intellectual excitement

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 3 Outline of Briefing 1.Compelling Science 2.Enabling Science and Technology for Society 3.Training the Technological Workforce 4.International cooperation 5.Budget Impact 6.Description of the program for target and over target budgets

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 4 1.Compelling Science The Next Revolution  HEP answers the most basic questions of our quantum universe  What IS the universe? Standing at the door of the third revolution.  First revolution: discovery of the atom on  Chemistry, electronics, biology, medicine, communications, and materials...  Second revolution: understanding the nucleus on  The stars, sun’s energy, nuclear energy, nuclear weaponry, and medical diagnostics & treatment  Third revolution: the fundamental basis for matter, energy, space and time. (Trillions of electron volts)  HEP provides answers to how the universe came to be and how it will evolve; it provides a telescope viewing the very beginning of the universe and showing how it evolved to the present.

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 5  Over the next decade, we may discover a very different universe  The field of High Energy Physics is poised on the threshold of discovery. We clearly see a new plateau of understanding.  HEP can address the important questions:  What is the path to unification of forces (“Einstein’s Dream”)?  What is the origin of mass?  Are there new dimensions of space & time?  What can neutrinos tell us?  Why more matter than antimatter?  What is Dark Matter?  What is Dark Energy (acceleration of the universe)? 1.Compelling Science Exciting Questions

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 6 1.Excellent Tevatron Run II Performance  Factor of 2 increase in peak & integrated luminosity since FY04; successful demonstration of electron cooling  Closing in on the Standard Model Higgs 2.NuMI starts up: the era of precision neutrino physics begins  Smooth turn on and steady operation 3.B-Factories glimpse discrepancy that could mean new physics 4.CDMS II data rules out light SUSY particles as dark matter candidates 5.QCD comes of age  Nobel Prize for Gross, Politzer and Wilczek  Lattice QCD now a predictive science 1.Compelling Science Highlights of Recent Results

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 7  Sloan Digital Sky Survey observes acoustic vibrations of matter in the early universe  Initial results from (partially completed) Auger on ultra-high energy cosmic rays  Advances in future accelerator concepts  First photonic bandgap accelerator structure  Beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment achieves gradient of 45 GV/meter over 30 cm  Laser-driven plasma wakefield achieves similar gradients over few mm with excellent beam quality  Tabletop 5 GeV accelerators for a variety of applications?  Multi-TeV accelerators in the future? 1.Compelling Science Recent News from “below the fold”  Achieved the world’s largest GRID computing project

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 8  Purpose: Provide the scientific and technology base for the highly specialized accelerators which are essential to a forefront high energy physics research program  Strategy: Support a broad program of accelerator technology R&D. The nearer term effort is focused on improvements to existing accelerators or developing technology for the next facilities.  Tevatron electron cooling, pbar stacking rate; B-factory vacuum, etc.  Superconducting rf for electron acceleration, proton driver; fast kicker magnets, high field superconducting magnets for LHC upgrade, etc.) Advanced accelerator R&D to fuel future accelerator technology for HEP and other fields.  Plasma wakefield acceleration; laser field accelerators; nanofabrication for high gradient acceleration; software simulation tools; new superconductor development OHEP Advanced Accelerator R&D programs are unique 1.Enabling Technology Accelerator R&D

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 9 1.Enabling Technology Tools for other sciences Phils’ Slide on spinoffs of accelerators for other sciences: Structural biology, materials science, femtosecond chemistry, plasma dynamics, radioactive isotopes, nuclear physics, heavy ion physics, environmental science Medical diagnostics, therapy, radioisotope production Food sterilization, ion implants for electronic circuits, X-ray lithography, nuclear waste disposal …

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 10 (69%) (17%) (2%) (12%) From a recent SC- Survey 1.Enabling Technology OS funding for accelerator R&D

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 11 1.Technological Workforce Training for Technology HEP offers the large questions that attract young people to careers in science in technology in the first place: (What is Dark Matter? Why is there no antimatter visible in the universe? Are there unseen extra dimensions of space?) They learn the critical skills:  The ingenuity needed to solve new problems, the tools needed to attack them (mathematics, computing, electronics)  How to communicate in large organizations Roughly 80% of HEP PhDs trained ultimately wind up in industry, business or government (present company included). These individuals are drivers in diverse sectors, helping to expand our economy.

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 12 1.International Cooperation Leading global cooperation Since the cold war, HEP has led the way to integrated international collaboration. 50% of the scientists in the current large collider experiments come from foreign institutions. In many cases, the person that one worked with in the control room turns up later as Science Minister in his home country. The communication channels developed are of lasting value. The LHC collaborations for both the accelerator and detectors are fully international. The ILC is organized through equal partnership of nations in Asia, Europe and North America. The steering committee is composed of scientists from the US, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, China, Korea and India. New organizational structures to support this international effort are being developed.

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 13 1.Budget Impact OHEP Funding History (Then year $M)

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 14 1.Budget Impact Change in SC Funding % change between FY2000 and FY2005

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 15 Target Scenario: After ~2010, LHC is the only operating high-energy physics accelerator in the world + non-accelerator experiments (neutrinos, dark energy, dark matter)  Early termination of Run II and B-Factory  A new Neutrino program (EvA) after completion of MINOS  Slow construction of super neutrino beam facility  LC still in R&D phase (resource limited)  LHC addressing questions of unification, origin of mass, extra dimensions, and dark matter. But marginal coverage of dark energy, matter-antimatter asymmetry  Discovery at LHC of new physics is almost guaranteed.  Workforce issues:  Need to be reduced by ~25%  Without major new or upgraded facilities on the horizon, US HEP program activities would most likely move overseas or out of field, resulting in weakening of the domestic program  The U.S. will lose leadership in high-energy accelerator technology 1.Budget Impact Future Scenario at Target

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 16 Future of HEP facilities  B-Factory ops (total investment ~$0.8B) end after FY06  Loss ~ a factor of two in data (vs over target)  Cede CP violation physics to Japan.  Large number (~300) of RIFs, bumpy transition to LCLS  Tevatron ops (total investment ~$1.5B) end after FY08  Lose ~30-50% of data, possible indications of new physics before LHC  Large number (~300) of RIFs inevitable  No domestic HEP facilities from 2008 until (perhaps) super neutrino beam (2015). US as a user, not a leader.  ILC on slow track: construction start 2015(?), producing physics data 15 years after LHC turn-on. May lose to Europe or to Japan, who will question if they need the US. 1.Budget Impact Big Issues in the Target

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 17  International reaction will be swift and strong.  Following BTeV, RSVP, and AMS  Weakening our bargaining role at CERN  Major impact on any international collaboration involving the US  “Why should we believe the US when it says it wants to pursue the ILC?”  Undercuts continuation of Run 2 and other near term programs  Eg. EvA and the UK The end of an era  US leadership role in the future of HEP -- one that it has led over the last half-century -- will essentially come to an end.  The outsourcing of US HEP (“Exit America”)  FY2007 will be a watershed year 1.Budget Impact Impacts of Target Budget

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 18 Over Target Scenario: After ~2010, LHC is still the only operating high-energy physics accelerator in the world  Run II and B-Factory programs are completed as planned  Super Neutrino Beam will provide a world leadership for US in neutrinos  Neutrino program evolving after MINOS by utilizing super neutrino beam facility which is based on LC technology  JDEM is poised to probe the secrets of Dark Energy  Linear Collider will be ready to exploit LHC discoveries by later in the decade  ILC in engineering design and R&D phase until 2009  LHC will address the questions of force unification, origin of mass, extra dimensions, and dark matter. ILC will make the new discoveries to explain them.  Research program strengthened to enhance U.S. impact on LHC  Lattice QCD and SciDAC efforts exploit opportunities for U.S. to lead in targeted areas of computation and simulation This is an exciting and highly productive scientific program. 1.Budget Impact Future Scenario at Over Target

Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 19 Who will miss this science? “To remain near the top, we must continue to look at new discoveries and new information.” – Speaker of the House, Rep. Dennis Hastert (R-IL) “We can continue down the current path, as other nations continue to narrow the gap, or we can take bold, dramatic steps to ensure U.S. economic leadership in the 21st century and a rising standard of living for all Americans.” – Rep. Frank Wolf (R-VA) “…[the U.S. is] unilaterally disarming in high-energy physics at a time which may well be one of the most exciting periods of physics research in history.” – Newt Gingrich, former Speaker of the House “It looks as though the innovation pipeline is slowly being squeezed dry.... [We] are losing the skills race…[and] are beginning to lose our preeminence in discovery as well.” – William Brody, President, Johns Hopkins (testimony to House Science Committee) “Investments in the physical sciences likely to lead or enable new discoveries about nature or strengthen national economic competitiveness continue to be important” – Jack Marburger and Joshua Bolton, lead statement in “Priorities in Physical Science, FY07 R&D Budget priorities.