Ajay Bohtan, ITM University, Gurgaon Prof Prem Vrat, Vice Chancellor, ITM University, Gurgaon Prof A.K Vij, HoD, Management, ITM University, Gurgaon.

INDIA Plains Desert Coast Mountains INDIA: TYPES OF TERRAINS

HIGH ALTITUDE AREA Height > 9000 feet above sea levelHimalaya Belt in India J & K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh

HAA PLAINS HAA : LANDSCAPE

HAA DESERT HAA : ROADS

HAA COAST HAA : BUILDINGS

PECULIARITIES OF HIGH ALTITUDE Rarified AtmosphereLow temperatureHigh Ultra Violet RadiationHarsh TerrainExtreme Precipitation

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE Low pressure of oxygen Decreased density of air Low Atmospheric pressure

RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE: EFFECT ON HUMANS Reduced oxygen supply to body tissues Headache / Nausea / Fatigue / Appetite lossMuscular weakness / Loss of night visionLoss of memory / Sleeping disordersAMS / HAPO / HACOAcclimatisation

RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE: EFFECT ON AIRCRAFT Change in aerodynamics Reduction in power, thrust & liftReduced maneuverabilityLower climb rate / Longer take offHovering (helicopters) is difficult Reduced load lifting capacity

AIRCRAFT CAPACITY At Sea Level – 30 pers At Leh (35 0 C) - Nil MI-17 At Sea Level- 400 pers At Leh (25 0 C) - Nil IL-76

RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE: EFFECT ON VEHICLES Reduced efficiencyLoss of engine power Excessive smoke in vehicular exhaustIncrease in fuel consumption Reduced load carrying capacity

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

LOW TEMPERATURE Further deterioration by ‘wind-chill’ effect Temperatures as low as C Temperature decreases with altitude

LOW TEMPERATURE : EFFECT ON HUMANS & ANIMALS Physiological shockHypothermiaFrostbite Need for special clothing / food

LOW TEMPERATURE : EFFECT ON AIRCRAFT, VEHICLES & MACHINERY Freezes Fuel Oil LubricantsMakes metal parts brittleStarting problems Need for special additives / care

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

HIGH ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION Increases by 12 % for every 1000m heightCauses high ionisationPolymers, paints & dyes: DegradationSkin: Sunburn, Premature aging, CancerEyes: Snow blindness, Cataract Special protective gear required for humans

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

HARSH TERRAIN Narrow valleys with high peaksRidgelines- far awayRocky narrow roadsFog / Changing windsChoke points – bridges, passes, defiles Distances calculated in time

TERRAIN: EFFECT ON MEN & MACHINES Few airstrips / helipads / dropping zonesFlying difficult in narrow valleysDrastic reduction in vehicular speedLimited approaches by road & air Move on foot is extremely exhaustive

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

EXTREME PRECIPITATION RainSnowFogThunderstorms Either excessive / reduced Excessive – Uttarakhand, Kashmir, NE India Reduced - Ladakh

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN HAA

POTENTIAL NATURAL DISASTERS EarthquakeMelting of PermafrostHeavy PrecipitationLandslides / MudslidesAvalancheBlizzardDrought

DISASTER MANAGEMENT: HAA Prevention Mitigation Preparation Event Response Recovery Development

Construction Activity Takes time Only in summer months Wooded areas at High reaches Fire Lanes Only when not under snow or heavy rain Prevention

Legal Aspect Disaster Management in Master plans Construction of houses as per specifications Proper Road Construction Hazardous Material, Fuel, Chemicals Decentralised Stocking Early Warning System Unattended Robust Reliable Mitigation

Advance Winter Stocking Annual road cut off period Potential cut off sites e.g bridges, crossing points Ab initio Construction Helipads, Airstrips, Communication, Power Backup Adequate redundancy Facility Locations Decentralised Locations chosen with due modeling Updated Population & Tourists Records Preparation

Pin point affected areas Helicopters / UAVs / Satellite Imagery Collection of data Affected populace / Survivors Restoration of Communication Road/ Air/Tele Debris removal Low efficiency of machines Reduced human effort Acclimatise Search & Rescue teams Response

Restoration takes time Little construction period Food & medical priorities Time only to raise temporary shelters Pre-fabricated Supply Chain for Stores Stores as per priority Selected mode of transportation Stocking space pre-identified Recovery

Master Plan- Regulated & controlled Disaster Management aspects incorporated ab-initio Specially designed Infrastructure Development Activities should not add to potential disasters Development

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN HAA

SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL PHASEPRE DISASTERDISASTERPOST DISASTER OPERATIONPreventionMitigationPreparationResponseRecoveryDevelopment MAJOR ACTIVITIES Identify potential disaster sites EvacuationPre Positioning Evacuate Casualty Distribute Relief Extricate displaced persons Road Comn Build houses Generate employment TYPE OF SUPPLY CHAIN Business Supply ChainDisaster Response Supply Chain Business Supply Chain

SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL Business supply chain – Minisum Time not a high priority Cost is paramount Aim - Minimise the sum of cost of logistics Disaster supply chain - Minimax Relief supplied fastest Aim - Minimise the Maximum time for response

MEANS OF TRANSPORT : HAA By Air By Road

DISASTER RELIEF SUPPLY : AIR Air infrastructure availabilityWeather dependentLess timeExorbitant costOpportunity cost – RELATIVELY LOW

DISASTER RELIEF SUPPLY : ROAD Condition of roads, bridges etcWeather dependentLong timeLow costOpportunity cost – CATASTROPHIC

AIR vs ROAD AirRoad LCV 5 hrs Mi hrs Load of 3 Tons to be transported to a distance of 100 km

AIR vs ROAD AirRoad 10,000e5 hrs 87, hrs Cost of transportation α Kt 2 Note: Calculations done as per Gravity Location Model K – cost/time t- time

A B C D E H G I F J L K MNOP 3 4/6 7 2/4 3/6 2/3 6/24 2/8 2/3 3/4 2/32/52/4 PERT CHART: MOVEMENT OF DISASTER RELIEF MATERIAL AIR vs ROAD Assumptions Intact Road Communication Completion Time Most Likely Pessimistic Time Road23 hrs53 hrs Air22 hrs42 hrs

CONCLUSION Supply Chain by MiniMax modelFacility Location by Gravity ModelRelief material by air / roadPre-positioning of relief material‘One size fits all’ – does not applyHAA Peculiarities: Planning Imperatives