1. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Climatic design This workshop will look the importance of understanding how climate variations will impact on planning and design Aceh, Indonesia, 2007

2. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this workshop are: 1. Presentation: defining the five climatic zones and making appropriate choices in climatic design and NFI selection 2. Workshop: settlement, shelter and NFIs in each of the five climatic zones: hot dry hot wet temperate cold locations at high altitude Objectives !

3. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Group 1:hot dry - temperature will vary from high daytime temperatures to low night-time temperatures Group 2:hot wet - temperature will remain constantly high throughout the year but precipitation levels will increase dramatically during the rainy seasons Group 3:temperate - seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation, extreme temperatures are unusual Group 4:cold - temperatures remain low throughout the year, or over winter only, often falling below zero Group 5:locations at high altitude – temperatures are very low during winter but may rise considerably in summer The five climatic zones Each group has been allocated one of the five climatic zones, characterised as follows: Discussion in groups

4. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Workshop activities A.draw a climate graph that describes the diurnal (daily and nightly) temperature range of your climatic zone B.produce a drawing that describes the main design considerations for a family shelter, specific to your designated climate zone C.develop a list of suitable NFIs to be supplied to the affected population, specific to your designated climate zone Each group will have 10 minutes to prepare the following three deliverables In your groups discuss and delegate the tasks below: Key point Each group agrees a key point

5. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 1 key point: hot dry

6. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Hot dry: diurnal temperature and shelter Daytime Temperature (°C) Time (24 hours) small windows to prevent high solar gain during the day and heat loss at night insulating earth roofs provide thermal mass while thatched roofs insulate through the creation of an air chamber thick walls will reduce heat gain during the day and increase heat storage at night position doors and windows away from prevailing winds Below is a summary of diurnal variation in temperature and several key design considerations for a family shelter. Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

7. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Outdoor spaces are likely to be used for activities such as cooking and washing. Planning of outside space should be given as much consideration as the design and planning of shelter design and orientate external spaces to suit traditional use patterns, such as cooking an enclosed settlement plan will help to provide shade and protect from prevailing winds narrow street provide shade high thermal mass will minimise heat gain avoid removing trees and position buildings to provide shade from sun position buildings to protect from prevailing wind and sand storms Hot dry: settlement Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

8. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by consider the environmental impacts of harvesting construction materials such as timber and thatch variations in day and night temperatures may increase the need for household NFIs such as blankets and mattresses to improve the occupants thermal comfort at night NFIs may need protection from rodents and termites while in storage material selection may be affected by the amount of water required for their use in construction when using sheeting roofs, such as plastic or CGI, use a double skin with ventilation between to minimise heat radiation high afternoon temperatures may influence working times In hot and dry climates: Hot dry: NFIs and construction Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

9. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 2 key point: hot wet

10. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Hot wet: diurnal temperature & shelter Hot wet Temperature (°C) Time (1 year) roof has sufficient pitch for water drainage surface water drainage roof overhang to protect walls drains connect to reservoir to harvest rainwater footing of walls protected with plaster or tiles compacted plinth, with raised floors to protect from flooding Below is a summary of diurnal variation in temperature and several key design considerations for a family shelter. Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

11. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by mud bricks will be difficult to produce if moisture levels are too high and will need protection from rain while drying a protective coating must be applied to timber to prevent rotting, which should be detailed to not contact with the ground select materials that maximise ventilation shelter and household NFIs will need protection from moisture, pests and rodents during storage and transportation heavy rain is likely to make the transportation of materials more difficult Important to consider the effects of moisture on materials: Hot wet: NFIs Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

12. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 3 key point: temperate

13. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by protection from rain and flooding insulation against hot and cold temperatures shading from the sun flooring and fly sheet stove and fuel personal insulation as well as blanket and mattress Temperate: diurnal temperature & shelter Temperature (°C) Time (1 year) Below is a summary of diurnal variation in temperature and several key design considerations for a family shelter. Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

14. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Consider various climatic conditions including cold, hot and wet shelter NFIs supported by household NFIs such as clothing, blankets and fuel to protect from cold temperatures shelter and household NFIs will need protection from the cold and wet during storage and transportation seasonal climatic variation must be considered when transporting materials, for example transportation will be more difficult in snow and ice shelters should be designed, and household NFIs supplied to meet the worst likely weather conditions Temperate: NFIs Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

15. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 4 key point: cold

16. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Cold: diurnal temperature & shelter 0 °C Temperature (°C) Time (1 year) Below is a summary of diurnal variation in temperature and several key design considerations for a family shelter. small window will prevent thermal gain in high temperatures and heat loss in low temperatures materials with high thermal mass and added insulation thermal buffer zone warm room with stove seal openings to prevent draughts strong roof to cope with heavy snow loads dividing large rooms into several smaller rooms using plastic sheeting Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

17. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by clothes blankets clothes blankets shelter clothes blankets shelter mattress clothes blankets shelter mattress wind proofing clothes blankets shelter mattress wind proofing stove clothes blankets shelter mattress wind proofing stove flooring clothes blankets shelter mattress wind proofing stove flooring insulation Material planning should reflect priorities as temperatures drop the demand for shelter and household NFIs increases as temperature decreases if heating or appropriate shelter NFIs are not available, increase the distribution household NFIs, such as clothing and blankets and mattresses clothes Cold: NFIs Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

18. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by shelter NFIs may need protecting against the affects of frost and damp during production shelter and household NFIs will need protection from the cold during storage and transportation heavy snow and ice is likely to make the transportation of materials more difficult Cold climates may cause problems in the production, transportation and storage of NFIs Cold: NFIs Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

19. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 5 key point: locations at altitude

20. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Air temperature in any of the climatic zones will drop in accordance with increased altitude or wind strength Temperature by altitude* Temperature by wind-chill* Altitude (metres) Air temp (Celsius) Sea level15 60011 12007 18003 Wind speed (km/hour) Zero C drops to 15 kph- 3 30 kph- 7 45 kph- 8 60 kph- 9 * The above data is approximate and may vary across zones Altitude: diurnal temperature & shelter www.wikipedia.org www.weather.gov

21. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Altitude: NFIs Altitude affects both which NFIs should be distributed and the methods of distribution: seasonal accessibility distribution of a wider range of NFIs and greater quantities of fuel, as more altitude requires more fuel need to choose sheltering responses which are adequate to both very cold and hot climates

22. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Bibliography ‘Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations’ (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005) ‘Handbook for Emergencies’ (UNHCR, 2007) ‘Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards for Disaster Response’ (The Sphere Project, 2004) ‘Shelter Sector Items’ (IASC ESC, 2009 forthcoming)