Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

 Louis XVIII (r – 1824)  Louis XVI’s brother  Constitutional Monarchy  Restored some aspects of Old Regime  Catholicism reinstated as State Religion  Recognized Napoleonic Civil Code as law  Freedom of Religion  Freedom of the Press

 Charter of 1814  Assembly [2 House Legislature]  Chamber of Deputies (elected)  Chamber of Peers (appointed)

✘ The “White Terror” ✘ They supported Bourbons but felt Louis XVIII was not a “true” King ✘ Led by Count of Artois, the King’s Brother ✘ 1820 – Ultras were elected into the Chamber of Deputies ✘ Placed restrictions on civil liberties

❇ Louis XVIII died in 1824 ❇ Count of Artois, Charles X took the Throne ❇ “had learned nothing and forgotten nothing” ❇ Goal: To Restore the Old Regime ❇ Took away civil liberties

✘ Liberals ✘ Merchants and manufacturers ✘ Napoleonic Soldiers ✘ Those who romanticized Napoleon’s Memory ✘ Romantic Writers – Victor Hugo

July 26, 1830 – Charles X passed 4 Ordinances 1.Dissolved Chamber of Deputies 2.Revoked the vote from ¾ of the electorate 3.Called for new elections 4.Muzzled the Press ABANDONED THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CHARTER OF 1814

July 27-29, 1830 ✘ Demonstrations against Charles X ✘ Artisans ✘ Trades people ✘ August 2, 1830 Charles abdicates

JULY MONARCHY ✥ Tri-color replaced the white flag of the Bourbons ✥ Accepted a revised version of the Charter of 1814 ✥ Roman Catholicism was no longer the state religion ✥ High tariffs Duke of Orleans

The fat king sits in front of the National Assembly on a large commode. A huge plank comes out of his mouth on which rewards travel down to the eager officials beneath. Standing around his small, cripples legs are tattered workers and starving mothers who drop coins into the baskets on ministers.

Past Present Future, 1834 Daumier ☠ 1835 – survived an assassination attempt ☠ 1839 – survived a plot to overthrow him ☠ 1840 survived another attempt on his life

✘ No Monarchical legitimacy ✘ No popular sovereignty ✘ So it was caught between republicans and legitimatists. LOUIS-PHILLIPE I’s MAJOR ISSUES

FEBRUARY 22, 1848 FEBRUARY 22, 1848 ✘ A Banquet, organized in opposition to: ✘ Louis-Phillipe ✘ Francois Guizot (chief minister) ✘ Riots broke out ✘ 40 people were killed ✘ Guizot is dismissed ✘ Louis-Phillipe abdicated

 Universal Manhood Suffrage  Abolished slavery in French Colonies  Attempted to placate all political groups  Moderate Republicans  Legitimists  Louis Napoleon  Socialists

1.Raised direct taxes 45% 2.“National Workshops”

☑ Conservative Majority took control of National Assembly ☑ A Republic in the hands of Conservatives ☑ DECEMBER 1848 ☑ Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – elected President ☑ GOAL = to establish a dictatorship