1. HI 172 – Modern France Restoration and Revolution

2. Napoleon’s Defeat Spring 1814: Napoleon abdicates – Exiled on Elba Restoration: Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) – Fails to buy support of military – Not everyone wanted a return to Old Regime, not even the Allies, who wanted a stable but contained France

3. 100 Days Napoleon returns to southern France from Elba Gathers popular and military support Defeated in Waterloo (Belgium today) by Duke of Wellington, 1815 Napoleon sent to Saint Helena… dies there

4. Restoration Ultras – arch conservatives Doctrinaires – bridge between above and below Liberals – Wanted 1789-1792 model Republicans – Anti-royalists

5. Some incontrovertible gains of Revolution End of venality of office Written constitutions Some sort of representation Land redistribution – Church land works its way downward in economy – Wealthy buyers of land break up and sell to peasants – Peasants do well

6. The de facto model? Revolution and various kinds of liberal authoritarianism Rural economic growth Bumpy for manufacturing sector – England’s industrial revolution

7. Bourbons, 1815-1830 Louis XVIII (1815-1824) – Lacked charisma – Careened between political currents Charles X (1824-1830) – Ultra conservative – Sought to revive Old Regime rituals – No tolerance for liberals

8. 1830 Tensions between liberals and conservatives Spring 1830: Liberals reject ultra conservative ministry of Polignac Charles X clamps down – Press restrictions – Election reform Provokes revolution

9. July Days, les trois glorieuses Radicals join liberals to reject reforms Soldiers sent in to put down barricade- uprisings often sided with rebels Charles X flees to England

10. July Monarchy duc d’Orléans takes over the throne Tensions now shift – Ultras are sidelined – Struggle between liberals, republicans, and socialists

11. Algeria To gain popular support, Charles X invades Algiers – beginning of what would be 130 years of colonial rule in Algeria Will return to this in later lecture

12. François Guizot Historian France’s history: long rise of freedom and middle classes Liberal: – For freedom AND order Economic freedom: enrichissez-vous! Education to discipline masses

13. Socialism(s) Utopian – Saint-Simon Communitarian Production driven communities, politics should be adapted to it – Producers vote Oppression and war would be counter to productive interests

14. Socialism(s) Utopian – Charles Fourier Phalansteries – Created communities where individual ‘types’ are combined for maximum (1620 people per community) – High wages, higher for unappealing jobs – Use of desire to generate productivity – Sexual desire, intellectual curiosity… unleashed passions channeled into a harmonious community… » Touch of Rousseau and points to 1968

15. Louis Blanc 1840: The Organisation of Labour – Worker cooperatives – Expand suffrage

16. 1848 February revolution: 2 nd Republic – Against Guizot’s inflexibility – Bourgeois driven (expand vote) – Radicals support ‘banquets’ Spring – Tensions between all groups – Creation of National Workhouses June Days – Closing of workhouses – Repressive turn

17. Two paths through 19 th century France For a discussion of Tocqueville and Hugo, you might find this review of Hooper’s Les misérables helpful. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/ people/staff_index/walton/the_missing_half_ of_les_mis.pdf http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/ people/staff_index/walton/the_missing_half_ of_les_mis.pdf