Objectives The students will examine the causes of the first World War. Warm ups TAKS Activity Discuss Ch 23 Section 1 Complete Study Guide/Guided Reading Video-take notes Complete Map Activity

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I

CAUSES of WWI Militarism: the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.   Alliances is defined as: an agreement between two or more parties. Nationalism : loyalty and devotion to a nation; especially : a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations. Mercantilism: an economic system developing to unify and increase the power and especially the monetary wealth of a nation by controlling less powerful states and the foreign trading monopolies

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente 1907: Triple Alliance 1881:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: Russia Turkey Italy

Victor Emmanuel II [It] The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

IMPORTANT PEOPLE: Emperor Wilhem II – Leader of the Germans Czar Nicholas II – Russian Emperor Woodrow Wilson – USA President during WWI Archduke Franz Ferdinand – Heir to throne of Austria –Hungary Empire Gavrilo Princip – Serbian terrorist and Black Hand member General Alfred von Schlieffen – came up with the Schlieffen Plan…defeat France 1st then attack Russia full force.

The “Powder Keg” of Europe The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures 2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%

BEFORE 1914 in EUROPE: Conscription or military draft – was common in Europe Austria-Hungary feared that Serbia would create a large Slavic State Internal Dissent – internal problems within European countries & fear of revolution encouraged leaders to pursue war in 1914.

1. Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated by Gavrilo Princip 1914 JUNE 28 1. Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated by Gavrilo Princip

THE ASSASINATION PLAN: 7 Assassins 1. Mehmed Mehmedbaši. 10.15 am, the six cars passed the first gunman, He didn't get a clear line of sight to take the shot so gave up for fear of ruining the operation and alerting the authorities. 2. Nedjelko Cabrinovic, threw a bomb at the cars. He missed Ferdinand. Swallowed a cyanide pill & jumped into the nearby River Miljacka. the pill didn't work, the river was only four inches deep and he was dragged out by the angry crowds. Ferdinand and Sophi reached the town hall and while he planned to continue with the afternoon's engagements (lunch at the governor's residence and a museum visit), Ferdinand was anxious to check on those injured by Cabrinovic's bomb, who were now in hospital. The change of route took his car along Appel Quay but as the driver turned down Franz Joseph Street.

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?

2. Austrian leaders send an ultimatum to Serbia 1914 JULY 23 2. Austrian leaders send an ultimatum to Serbia

3. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia 1914 JULY 28 3. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

4. Czar Nicholas II orders full mobilization of the Russian Army 1914 JULY 29 4. Czar Nicholas II orders full mobilization of the Russian Army

5. Germany declares war on Russia 1914 AUGUST 1 German Troops 5. Germany declares war on Russia

6. Germany declares war on France and issues an ultimatum to Belgium 1914 AUGUST 3 Belgian Uniform 1914 6. Germany declares war on France and issues an ultimatum to Belgium

1914 AUGUST 4 7. Great Britain declares war on Germany 2nd Bn Royal Sussex Regiment, France 1915 British Troops 1916 7. Great Britain declares war on Germany

Conscription – Military service or draft Between 1890 – 1914: 9. MILITARISM – There was a huge increase in the size of European armies…which cause tensions among nations. Conscription – Military service or draft Between 1890 – 1914: Russia – 1.3 million France & Germany – 900,000 each Britain, Italy, Austria – 250,000 to 500,000 Each

Mobilization Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!

Recruitment Posters

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

The Tsar with General Brusilov

Warm ups Define conscription In the 19th century, what two alliances were Europe’s great powers divided into? T/F In 1914, mobilization was seen as an act of war.

Objectives WAR STRATEGY OR TECHNOLOGY Used in the WAR. The students will examine the stalemate on the western front and the U.S. entry into the war. Complete Warm ups Compete TAKS Activity Hand in Guided Reading Discuss Ch 23 Section 2 Complete Section 2 Study Guide Complete Lusitania Activity Video-take notes

…People thought that the war would be over by Christmas.

WAR STRATEGY OR TECHNOLOGY PROPAGANDA USED DURING THE WAR 1. To stir up hatred towards other nations and create enthusiasm for the war.

Australian Poster

Financing the War

German Poster Think of Your Children!

WAR STRATEGY OR TECHNOLOGY TRENCH WARFARE 2. Used on Western front. Attempted to break through enemy lines by attacking the other side… Germany Swept through Belgium & was stopped before Paris, France at the 1st Battle of the Marne Resulted into a STALEMATE.

WAR STRATEGY OR TECHNOLOGY WAR OF ATTRITION 3. Where each side attacked and tried to wear down the other. *

WAR STRATEGY OR TECHNOLOGY Zeppelins – huge German airships AIRPLANES Zeppelins – huge German airships 4. First used to spot enemy positions, then ground targets. Battles were also between planes.

WAR STRATEGY OR TECHNOLOGY SUBMARINES USE DURING THE WAR 5. Were used by Germany to blockage Britain. They were allowed to attack military and civilian ships.

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

The Zeppelin

Poison Gas Machine Gun

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

VIDEO OF TANKS

WAR STRATEGY OR TECHNOLOGY PLANNED ECONOMIES USE DURING THE WAR 6. Were used to mobilize resources for war. They rationed supplies and took over transportation systems.

The Schlieffen Plan

Stalemate 7. Because of trench warfare, which kept both sides in the same position for 4 years.

UNRESTRICTIVE SUBMARINE WARFARE 10. The Germans sank the Lusitania and they continued unsrestrictive submarine warfare. Britain used its SUPERIOR navy to impose a naval BLOCKADE on Germany

AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR!

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

Americans in the Trenches

World War I- Women 11. Because so many men were involved in the war, women were asked to take over jobs that had not been available to them.

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!

Objectives The students will be able to identify the causes leading to the Russian Revolution. Warm-ups TAKS activity Discuss/complete Ch. 23 section 3 study guide Ch. 23 section 2 question # 8 (pg. 727) ½ page min. Ch. 23 section 3 question # 1,2,4,5,6 (pg. 737) Ch. 23 section 3 guided reading Complete Sect 4 Assessment 1-8 (write the question) and on #8 write ½ page.

Warm Ups T/F Russia was prepared for World War I. What did Lenin believe to be the only way to destroy the capitalist system? What territories were given up in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? Why was Russia hostile towards the Allies by 1921?

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

March 8, 1917 10,000 women march throughout the city of Petrograd in protest of bread rationing

2. A strike shuts down all the factories in Petrograd March 10, 1917 2. A strike shuts down all the factories in Petrograd

a provisional government March 12, 1917 3. The Duma sets up a provisional government Moscow City Duma

4. Nicholas II steps down as Czar March 15, 1917 4. Nicholas II steps down as Czar Nicholas II with his wife, son and four daughters

April, 1917 5. German military leaders ship Lenin back to Russia to create disorder Lenin in 1920

the Provisional Government November 6, 1917 6. Bolsheviks seize the Winter Palace, the seat of the Provisional Government Bolshevik Volunteers 1917 Winter Palace

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 3, 1918 7. Lenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

8. Nicholas II and his family are murdered July 16, 1918 8. Nicholas II and his family are murdered The Execution At midnight, July 16-17, 1918, after 78 days imprisonment in the Ipatiev House, Yakov Yurovsky arrived and told Dr. Botkin to have the family dressed so they could be moved to the basement for safety as the Whites were drawing near. 1. Nicholas Romanov (50) 2. Alexandra Romanov (46) 3. Alexis Romanov (13) 4. Olga Romanov (22) 5. Tatiana Romanov (21) 6. Marie Romanov (19) 7. Anastasia Romanov (17) 8. Dr. Botkin, the family physician (54) 9. Trupp, Nicholas’ valet (61) 10. Demidova, Alexandra’s maid (40) 11. Kharitonov, the cook (48) Execution squad of 12, led by Yakov Yurovsky. The Ipatiev House

This is the Ipatiev House, the last home of Nicholas and Alexandra, their children and servants.  The family, and some of their staff, were executed on the lower level, in the room depicted here with the forward arched window. The house was eventually destroyed, pursuant to orders from Boris Yeltsin.

Nicholas II Work Study

The Tsar with General Brusilov

This box, which once belonged to Her Majesty the Empress, now contains all that was recovered at the mine shaft from the remains of the burned bodies of: His Imperial Majesty Nicholas II, Her Imperial Majesty Alexandra and burned together with them: Doctor Eugene Sergeyevich Botkin, Servant Alexi Yegorovich Trupp, Cook Ivan Mikhailovich Kharitonov, and girl servant Anna Stepanova Demidova

Archaeologist finds remains of Russian czar's hemophiliac son August 24, 2007 Bones were found in a burned area in the ground near Yekaterinburg , the city where Czar Nicolas II and his wife and children were held prisoner and then shot in 1918. It comes almost a decade after remains identified as those of Nicholas, his wife and three of his daughters were reburied in a ceremony made possible by the Soviet collapse but shadowed by statements of doubt - including from within the Russian Orthodox Church - about their authenticity. The spot where the remains were found this summer appears to correspond to a site described by Yakov Yurovsky, the leader of the family's killers, said Sergei Pogorelov, deputy head of the archaeological research department at a regional center for the preservation of historical and cultural monuments in Yekaterinburg Nicholas abdicated in 1917 as revolutionary fervor swept Russia, and he and his family were detained. The next year, they were sent to the Ural Mountains city of Yekaterinburg, where a firing squad executed them on July 17, 1918. Historians say Communist guards lined up and shot Nicholas, his wife, Alexandra, their five children and four attendants in a small basement room in a nobleman's house in Yekaterinburg. The bodies were loaded in a truck and disposed of first in a mine shaft, according to most accounts. According to NTV, a 1934 report based on Yurovsky's words indicated that the bodies of nine victims were then doused with sulfuric acid and buried along a road, while those of Alexei and a sister were burned and left in a pit nearby. The Bolsheviks who killed the czar apparently mutilated and hid the bodies because they did not want the remains of the family — especially those of the heir Alexei — to become objects of worship or spark opposition to their new regime.

Executioner of the Romanovs Yakov Yurovsky Executioner of the Romanovs 1930

Executioner of the Romanovs Yakov Yurovsky Executioner of the Romanovs Yakov Yurovsk Workshop Yakov Yurovsky Weapon used

9. Alexandra made decisions when Nicholas II was away 9. Alexandra made decisions when Nicholas II was away. Russia was not prepared for war and suffered heavy losses. They also had other military disasters and economic problems. They were upset with the Rule of the Czar. Empress Alexandra Fedorovna Romanov

10. An end to the war. Redistribution of land, transfer of factories to the workers and the transfer of government power to the Soviets. Russian Revolution 1917

11. Because he had promised the Russian people that he would end the war. Giving up territories was the only way to remove Russia from the war.

Portrait of General Vrangel', commander of the White Russian volunteer army, 1917–20 12. The White Army was the name given to the anti-communist forces during the Civil War --- Groups that were loyal to the Czar, liberals, anti-Communist Socialists and the allies.

13. The Red Army was well disciplined, the Communists had a clear vision of a new Socialist order. The whites on the other hand were not unified. The Communists implemented a policy of war communism. Communists were able to use the presence of a foreign armies to stir up Russian patriotism. First Petrograd Red Army Soldiers

Objectives The students will analyze the end of the war and the factors involved. Complete Warm ups Complete TAKS Activity Discuss Ch 23 Section 4 Complete Section 4 Study Guide Complete Section 4 Guided Reading Movie-Take notes Complete Ch 23 Test Review

Warm Ups During World War I, how many troops went into France? Who developed the 14 Points? Under the Treaty of Versailles, what two territories were returned to France? T/F Under the mandate system, one nation governed another as well as owned the territory.

END OF THE WAR November 7, 1918 front page of the San Diego Sun announcing the end of World War I

VIDEO OF END OF WAR

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES MAJOR PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

Interpretation: Treaty of Versailles Who wrote the Treaty of Versailles and what did it say? TREATY OF VERSAILLES A group of men sat in judgment of Germany. They were known as the 'Big Four'.                                                                                                                                               © IWM Vittorio Orlando - Italian premier who wanted territory promised in Treaty of London (1915), and maybe more. David Lloyd George - British prime minister who wanted the support of the British public by punishing Germany. Georges Clemenceau - French prime minister who wanted the Treaty to prevent Germany from attacking France ever again. Woodrow Wilson - American president who wanted the League of Nations formed, and a fair treaty for Germany.

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES MAJOR PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES Responsibility/ Costs of the War 1. Germany and Austria were responsible for starting the war. Germany had to pay reparations. Germany loses land

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES MAJOR PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES Military 2. Germany had to reduce its Army and Navy and to eliminate its Air Force. Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men. They were forbidden to have tanks or an air force. The area between France and Germany - the Rhineland - was made into a demilitarized zone, which meant that no military forces could enter this area. Allied troops were stationed there for fifteen years.

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES MAJOR PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES Territory 3. Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France. Parts of Eastern Germany were given to a new Polish State.

MAJOR PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES Demonstrations in 1919 against Versailles Treaty in front of Reichstag Buffer Zone 4. German land on both sides of the Rhine was made a demilitarized zone, and stripped of all weapons and fortifications.

President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917 5. It gave the allies a psychological boost. The allies began to advance toward Germany with the aid of two million American troops.

Aftermath of the First World War                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               6. Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary and Yugoslavia.

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties