Grammar support Richard Cole PHONICS Grammar support Richard Cole

SIMPLE VIEW OF READING Gough and Tunmer (1986) Word Recognition Language Comprehension R E A D I N G + =

The Rose Cross

- - + + Good language comprehension, poor word recognition Good word recognition, good language comprehension Word Recognition - + Poor word recognition, poor language comprehension Good word recognition, poor language comprehension A simple way of sorting your class? - Language comprehension

The Road to Phonics Phonological Awareness Phonemic Awareness Phonics Phonological awareness is the ability to be aware of sounds within words and to be able to break down words into syllables and into phonemes. Pupils who have difficulties in this area may have: problems identifying syllables in polysyllabic words problems recognising rhyming words difficulty in generating rhyme difficulty identifying initial, medial and final phonemes in words difficulty with phoneme blending visual strengths (learning better from charts, diagrams, videos, demonstrations and other visual materials) a good visual memory (bein able to visualise information and present it in the form of mindmaps, diagrams, charts, posters, illustrations) kinaesthetic strengths (learning better through using concrete materials, practical experiences and multisensory techniques). Activities to develop phonological awareness Syllable count – say the word (eg. yesterday), then use fingers to count the syllables (yes/ter/day). Finnish the name – adult to say the first syllable of a two syllable name (eg. Hen...), then ask the pupil to complete it (Henry). Finish the word – adult to say the first syllable of a two syllable word (eg. zeb...) then ask the pupil to complete it (zebra). I spy 1 – initial sounds (everyday items in the classroom). I spy 2 – initial sounds (pictorial choice). Pairs – matching pictures to initial sounds. Bingo – matching pictures to initial sounds. I spy 3 – 'I went to the zoo/park/seaside and saw something beginning with...' (initial sounds). Sound/picture mapping – match picture to sound by drawing lines. I spy 4 – initial CV (consonant-vowel) blending (I am thinking of something beginning with ca...). Pelmanism – matching pictures to initial CV. Missing vowels – helps the pupils to become aware that there could be more than one choice of vowels for each word (eg. bt – bat, bet, bit, but). Line-links – ask the pupils to draw lines to link initial sounds to rhyme endings (eg. b-ed/r-ed, m-an/c-an). Rhyme wordsearches. Rhyme pelmanism 1 – pictorial. Rhyme pelmanism 2 – words. Rhyme families 1 – collect rhyming pictures ('Can I have a picture that rhymes with...'). Rhyme families 2 – collect rhyming words ('Can I have a word that rhymes with...'). Rhyming cloze (oral) – using traditional rhymes, action rhymes, songs and jingles. Blends and ends – matching initial consonant blends to rhyme endings (eg. bl-ack/tr-ack). Dominoes – using blends and ends. Tongue twisters – initial sounds and consonant blends (eg. six silly swans swam out to sea). Odd word out – both oral and written (eg. ring, sing, song, thing). Sense or nonsense – as the pupils to identify the words that make sense by blending the phonemes (eg. brick, quick, stick, smick, trick). Compund word pairs – collect word pairs (eg. sea/side, tea/bag). Syllable sort – collect syllables to form polysyllabic words (eg. yes/ter/day, af/ter/noon).

Phonological awareness One supona time Once up onatime Once upon a time Phonological awareness* is the ability to segment language aurally. The most well known example of this would be onset-rime segmentation. The ability to show awareness of rime has been shown in the research to be a key skill requirement for successful reading. As another example: I was working in a class where the children were asked to begin a story "Once upon a time" and only a few of them were successfully able to do this. Their attempts showed that most of them were not segmenting these four words correctly at the phonological level. There were all sorts of variations: One supona time Once up onatime, etc I also recently watched a video of a teacher helping children to learn to write sentences by getting them (among other things) to 'hear' the sentence and segment her language aurally. *Phonemic awareness* is the ability to discriminate the individual phonemes within words - the sounds which make up that word. Both phonological and phonemic awareness are aural skills. Phonemic awareness is a subset of phonological awareness. *Phonic awareness* is the ability to represent the sounds of phonemes with appropriate letters or letter combinations.

What words should we use? Letter Lower case Capital Word Phoneme Grapheme Digraph Trigraph Which of these words do you unerstand? ACTIVITY – define them to each other

Phonic terminology: some definitions Correct terminology should be introduced from YR onwards. Children do not have a problem using phonic terminology (in fact they are often very proud of their ability to do so). However, you are likely to meet resistance from some teachers who consider it ‘over the top’ and unnecessary to teach this vocabulary to children. It is sometimes worth using a numeracy analogy with these staff: we wouldn’t dream of teaching 3-D shapes to children and using the word ‘ball’ instead of ‘sphere’ or ‘box’ instead of cube/cuboid. The principle with phonic vocabulary is exactly the same – it’s just that we haven’t been used to using these words with children until relatively recently. Using phonic terminology from the outset ensures accuracy and promotes shared understanding between practitioners and practitioners and children.

Some definitions A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a word The following eight slides illustrate the phonic vocabulary that should be used by practitioners in their teaching sessions.

Some definitions Grapheme Letter(s) representing a phoneme t ai igh

Some definitions Digraph Two letters, which make one sound A consonant digraph contains two consonants sh ck th ll A vowel digraph contains at least one vowel ai ee ar oy The following two definitions are key – digraph and trigraph. Adjacent consonants are often incorrectly classified as digraphs and trigraphs e.g. tr as in trap sp as in spin str as in string spl as in splash

Some definitions Trigraph Three letters, which make one sound igh dge

Some definitions Split digraph A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (e.g. make) ACTIVITY How can you deliver this message about using correct terminology to less experienced practitioners who may find this challenging?

Phonemes – hear, isolate, identify cat dog pip fin slip stop clip spot ship, chat, think, clock cow, stain, seat, meet, thief http://www.bigbrownbear.co.uk/demo/count.htm ACTIVITY Can you do these OK?

a e i o u Vowel phonemes Find the CHEEKY MONKEY vowels ACTIVITY: vowel phoneme sheets

Vowel phonemes Cat Peg Bread Pig Wanted Log want Plug Love Pain Day Sweet Heat Thief These Tried Light My Shine Mind Road Blow Bone Cold Moon Blue Grew Tune Cat Peg Bread Pig Wanted Log want Plug Love Pain Day Gate Station

Vowel phonemes Look Would Put Cart Fast (regional) Burn First Term Torn Door Warn (regional) Haul Law Call Wooden Circus Sister Down Shout Coin Boy Stairs Bear Hare Fear Beer here Look Would Put Cart Fast (regional) Burn First Term Heard work

Progression in phonics p13 Progression in phonic skills and knowledge Progression in phonics (1999), p. 6 Step 1 hearing and discriminating general sounds, speech sounds and patterns Create opportunities for children to explore other sounds that they can make with their voices: Ð Make your voice go down a slide Ð Wheee! Ð Make your voice bounce like a ball Ð Boing, Boing. (Let them show you with their hands too.) Ð Find out someone has been telling tales Ð aw. Ð Sound really disappointed Ð oh. Ð Look astonished Ð ooooooo! Ð Relax into a chair like an old man Ð ahahahahaha, or shout in terror Ð ahahahahah! Ð Hiss like a snake Ð sssssssssss. Ð Keep everyone quiet: shshshshsh, or be a steam train coming to a halt Ð chch- ch-ch-ch-shshshshshshsh. Ð Gently moo like a cow Ð mmmmmmmm. Ð Be an old woman who is hard of hearing Ð e. . . .e. . . . e. You can concoct sounds that suggest all the phonemes in the language. BEAR HUNT Exploring sounds Progression in phonics p13

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge Progression in phonics (1999), p. 6 Step 2 hearing phonemes /s/, /m/, /k/, /t/, /g/, /h/ in initial position Knowledge of letters: s, m, c, t, g, h Sit in circle Start slow clap Fat – cat – rat – On word rat, pass “pebble” – receiver says another rhyming word (can pass or repeat) Pebble game

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge Progression in phonics (1999), p. 6 Step 3 hearing phonemes /s/, /m/, /k/, /t/, /g/ in final position Knowledge of letters ss, ck, l, n, d, k, sh, ch ACTIVITY Circle swap shop Hand out words Call out phoneme Shout SWAP SHOP If you have same phoneme, swap places Circle swap

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge Progression in phonics (1999), p. 6 Step 4 􀂃 hearing phonemes /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ in medial position; 􀂃 CVC segmenting and blending, reading and spelling Knowledge of letters a, e, i, o, u f, qu, b, r, j, p, th, ng Croaker CROAKER activity Puppet finding it difficult to say some words Child pulls object: Horse = house Jelly = jolly Nurse = niece Witch = watch

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge Progression in phonics (1999), p. 6 Step 5 C(C)V(C)C segmenting and blending, reading and spelling Knowledge of letters v, w, x, y, z Make specified word – other checks it Swap and so on Page 28 (NLS : PIP) Fans

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge Progression in phonics (1999), p. 6 Step 6 C V C segmenting and blending, reading and spelling Knowledge of letters ai, ee, ie, oa, oo, or, ar, ir, oi, ou YES NO cards Set of silly questions (to read words in context) Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge Progression in phonics (1999), p. 6 Step 7 C V C segmenting and blending, reading and spelling Knowledge of letters ay, a-e, ea, igh, y, i-e, ow, o-e, oe, ew, ue, u-e, oy, ow, er, ur, aw, air, ear, oo ACTIVITY 1 Phoneme count cards ACTIVITY 2 Bingo Bingo

http://www.northwood.org.uk/phonics.htm http://www.ictgames.com/letterlifter.html