BAT and BEP for Dioxins & Furans Barbados Country Presentation by Thérèse N. Yarde Environmental Protection Department Ministry of Housing, Lands and the Environment Barbados

Most easterly Caribbean island Area: 166 sq. miles, 431 sq. km Population: ~280,000 Tropical climate Main industry: tourism Main agricultural product: sugar cane No air quality control/emission standards

Convention Implementation Ratified June 2004 UNEP/GEF Pilot Project for the development of National Implementation Plans for the Stockholm Convention Environmental Protection Department (EPD) is focal point for the Convention and implementing agency for the Project

Project Progress National Profile completed Inventories completed  Pesticides  PCBs  Dioxins and furans Impact Appraisal completed  Identifies impacts of implementing the Convention nationally  Assesses Convention requirements and recommends/prioritizes necessary regulatory, legal, technical and administrative interventions to meet the requirements NIP being prepared

Dioxins and Furans Inventory Total releases  49.0 g TEQ Emissions to air  44.6 g TEQ Main source categories  Waste incineration (87%)  Uncontrolled combustion processes (10%)

Source Categories Waste Incineration  Municipal solid waste incineration  Medical waste incineration  Combustion of animal carcasses Metal production  Thermal wire reclamation

Source Categories Power Generation and Heating  Fossil fuel power plants  Biomass power plants  Household cooking (biomass)  Household cooking (fossil fuels) Production of Mineral Products  Cement production  Lime production  Brick production  Ceramics production  Asphalt mixing

Source Categories Transport  4-stroke engines  2-stroke engines  Diesel engines  Heavy fuel oil engines Uncontrolled Combustion  Biomass burning  Waste burning and accidental fires

Source Categories Miscellaneous  Crematoria  Dry Cleaning  Tobacco smoking Disposal/Landfill  Landfill and waste dumps  Sewage/sewage treatment  Composting  Waste oil disposal (non-thermal)

BAT/BEP Status by Category Waste Incineration  Generally low technology (classes 1 or 2)  Most operators untrained  No proper disposal of residues  Opportunities for waste minimization Thermal Wire Recovery  Done in open air, directly on the ground  Should be prohibited

BAT/BEP Status by Category Power Generation & Heating  Use light fuel oil, natural gas, heavy fuel oils, biomass (bagasse)  Use of bagasse for power generation is important to sugar industry, and may be expanded (fuel cane)  Fossil fuel quality has not been investigated  Combustion technology and process efficiency for biomass combustion could probably be improved  Reduce use of painted/treated wood for outdoor cooking

BAT/BEP Status by Category Mineral Production  Cement kiln does not fire hazardous waste Transport  Fuels used are diesel and unleaded gasoline  No information on use of catalytic converters and diesel particular filters  Fuel consumption information not generally available

BAT/BEP Status by Category Uncontrolled Burning  Waste burning is a common practice  Prohibitions and/or public awareness needed

Objectives To upgrade and improve the operation and management of incinerators To improve emissions control in industrial facilities To control spontaneous burning at the landfill To regulate vehicular emissions To eliminate household burning as a waste disposal method

Challenges Economic considerations with respect to:  Retrofitting incinerators with emissions control  Installing new incinerators Technical capacity  Operations and maintenance of incinerators Regulatory Control  Controlling types of waste incinerated  Monitoring for compliance with emissions standards Administrative Issues  Lack of data  Absence of record-keeping