1. Best Available Techniques (BAT)

2. Background
At INC 2 the EU submitted proposals concerning the application of BAT to combustion and manufacturing processes from which mercury is emitted into the air
BAT concept has been used for many years within international legal instruments concerning environment, e.g. Stockholm Convention, UNECE CLRTAP
This presentation aims to further explain the concept of BAT as we see it useful for the negotiations

3. Concept and definition of BAT
Paper UNEP (DTIE)/Hg/INC.3/3 – Part B 2. (b) proposed definition of BAT:
BAT = the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and the methods for their operation that indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in principle the basis for release limitations designed to eliminate, and where that is not practicable generally to reduce, emissions and releases of mercury and their impact on the environment as a whole

4. (in respect of a given Party and a given facility within that Party)
most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole
developed on a scale that allows implementation in a relevant industrial sector under economically and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration costs and benefits, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the territory of the Party in question, provided that they are reasonably accessible to the operator of the facility
the technology used and the way the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned
AVAILABLE
(in respect of a given Party and a given facility within that Party)
BEST
TECHNIQUES

5. Key stages in determining BAT through exchange/assessment of information
identification of the environmental issues
examination of the techniques most relevant to address this key issue
identification of the best environmental performance levels (achieved at full scale operational installations)
examination of the conditions under which these performance levels were achieved
costs, cross-media effects, main driving forces involved in the implementation of these techniques, …
selection of BAT (using pre-defined criteria)

6. BAT and benchmarks BAT analysis will provide
list of techniques that can be applied (alone or in combination) for certain processes
environmental performance levels that can be achieved when applying the techniques
Those performance levels can serve as emission benchmarks that may be used for defining environmental objectives

7. Applying the outcome BAT needs to be recorded, e.g. in guidelines
BAT should not be seen as prescribing particular technique(s) as other techniques may be applied that offer equivalent / better environmental performance
BAT can be defined for new and existing installations separately – it allows to take into account particular applicability constraints for existing installations
BAT is a dynamic concept – what is BAT now may be different from BAT in the years to come
Concept also applicable for other provisions than atmospheric emissions

8. Reference information that could serve development of BAT guidelines
UNEP Process Optimisation Guide
BAT guidance for UNECE Heavy Metals Protocol
EU BAT reference documents
large combustion plants, cement, non-ferrous metals, waste incineration, iron/steel sector, …

9. Thank you

10. Additional slide

11. Criteria for determining BAT
the use of low-waste technology
the use of less hazardous substances
the furthering of recovery and recycling of substances generated and used in the process and of waste, where appropriate
comparable processes, facilities or methods of operation which have been tried with success on an industrial scale
technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge and understanding
the nature, effects and volume of the emissions concerned
the commissioning dates for new or existing installations
the length of time needed to introduce the technique
the consumption and nature of raw materials (including water) used in the process and energy efficiency
the need to prevent or reduce to a minimum the overall impact of the emissions on the environment and the risks to it
the need to prevent accidents and to minimise the consequences for the environment
information published by public international organisations