Chemistry of Life The Essential Ingredients for Life Cornell notes pg 17 in your INB

Ingredients for Life 1. Water 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Proteins 5. Nucleic Acids

Properties of water Living organisms are made mostly of water Adhesive (adhere to other surfaces) Cohesive (adhere to each other) The universal solvent Why does water have these special properties???

…because water is POLAR! uneven charges Polar molecules have an uneven charges.

Carbohydrate Store short term energy Simple sugar (monosaccharide) – glucose Complex sugar (polysaccharide) - starch glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose starch glucose (make sure to illustrate and label figures)

Lipids insoluble insoluble (do not dissolve) in water “stores the most energy” Ex: 1. Fats 2. Oils 3. Cholesterol Some functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Insulation 3.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

Proteins 20 Amino acids ( 20 different kinds) polypeptide chain Amino Acids bonded together form a chain called a polypeptide chain. A polypeptide chain folds into a protein. Some functions of proteins: 1.Transport: hemoglobin in red blood cells 2.Movement: muscles 3.Structural: membranes, hair, nails 4.Enzymes: cellular reactions

Nucleic acids Two types: DNA a. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- genetic material RNA b. RNA (ribonucleic acid)-copy of genetic material Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides

Identifying Organic Compounds Lab

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS How do you know if a food contains protein? How do you know if a food contains starch? What is the difference between starch and sugar? Why should you be careful of biuret solution? What should you do if you spill some on yourself?

Introduction lipidscarbohydratesproteins nucleic acids The most common organic compounds found in living organisms are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. indicators indicator changes color several indicators to testpresencelipids carbohydratesproteins Common foods, which often consist of plant materials or substances derived from animals, are also combinations these organic compounds. Substances called indicators can be used to test for the presence of organic compounds. An indicator is a substance that changes color in the presence of a particular compound. In this investigation, you will use several indicators to test for the presence of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins in various foods.

Title:Problem:Hypothesis: Independent variable : Dependent variable: Control:Constants: Repeated # of trials: The effect of _______ on _____. o Using the indicators (listed below) which test for specific compounds. Which of the 4 major types of organic compounds are found in spinach? *Iodine change color if *Benedicts present in a *Biuret particular compound If…then…because…… Complete the rest of your Lab-write up on your own.

Independent variable: Dependent variable: Control: Contants: # of Trials : — The indicators added to the samples: - Iodine - Benedicts - Biuret — The color change of the samples. — The color of the samples before adding indicator — Materials, amounts, equipment — 1 for each indicator

Data chart Food SampleLipidStarchSugarProtein Egg white Corn Oil Potato Butter Distilled Water Apple Juice Fish Spinach

Materials 8 Test tubes Test tube holder Test tube rack Hot plate Brown paper towel Labeling tape For each organic compound test you need: - 5 drops egg white - 5 drops apple juice - 5 drops corn oil - 5 drops fish - 5 drops of distilled water - 5 drops butter - 5 drops of potato - 5 drops of spinach Starch test: Iodine solution Sugar test: Benedicts solution Protein: Biuret solution

Lipid Test 1. Divide a piece of brown paper towel into 8 equal sections. In each section, write the name of one test substances, as shown. 2. In each section, place a small drop of the identified food onto the brown paper towel. With another paper towel, wipe off any excess pieces of food that may stick to the paper. Set aside for minutes 3. Hold paper to light or window. If food sample produces a translucent or see-through spot, there is a presence of a LIPID. 1.Distilled Water 2.Egg White3.Corn Oil4.Potato 5. Butter6.Apple Juice 7. Fish8. Spinach

Carbohydrate Test - Starch 1. Label test tubes: distilled water, egg, oil, butter, apple juice, potato, spinach, fish 2. Add 5 drops of each food sample to its proper test tube. 3.Add 2-3 drops of iodine solution to each test tube and shake. from yellow brown → blue black *Iodine will change color from yellow brown → blue black in presence of STARCH. 4. Record data on table. 5. Wash test tubes thoroughly!

Carbohydrate Test - Sugar 1. Set up hot water bath: Fill half the beaker with tap water and heat to a gentle boil. 2. While water bath is heating, fill each cleaned test tube with 5 full drops of the appropriate food sample. 3. Add 2-3 drops of Benedicts solution and shake. 4. Place test tubes in hot water bath and heat for 3-5 minutes. 5. Caution: Remove test tubes from water bath with test tube holder! *When heated, Benedicts solution will change color from blue → green, yellow, orange, or red in the presence of SUGAR. 6. Record any color changes on data table. 7. Wash test tubes thoroughly!

Protein Test 1. Put 5 drops of appropriate food samples in each labeled test tube. 2. Add 2-3 drops of Biuret solution to each test tube and gently shake. Caution: Biuret contains NaOH, a strong base. If you splash any on yourself, wash with water and notify your teacher immediately! *Biuret changes color from light blue → blue-violet in the presence of PROTEIN. 3. Record any color change on data table. 4. Wash test tubes thoroughly!

POST LAB QUESTIONS Which foods come from plants? What biomolecule is most common in these foods? Which foods come from animals? What biomolecule is most common in these foods? Does water contain any of the macromolecules that you tested for? Explain why water is used as a control.

F ILL OUT THE FOLLOWING TABLE BY LISTING THE FOODS THAT YOU TESTED. High in Carbohydrates High in ProteinHigh in Lipids