Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition CHAPTER 12 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Moment 1200–1500 Copyright © 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

Xiongnu Arabs Turks The empire effected a revolution in nomadic life transforming—a more centralized and hierarchical political system in which power was concentrated in a divinely sanctioned ruler and differences between junior and senior clans became more prominent The Xiongnu Empire created—a model that later Turkic and Mongol empires emulated. Although it subsequently disintegrated, various nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples played a role in the collapse of already weakened classical Chinese and Roman empires and the ensuing rebuilding of those civilizations. Arabs, Berbers, Turks, and Mongols created—the largest and most influential empires of the postclassical millennium. The most dramatic Arabian development was—the development of a reliable camel saddle that allowed nomadic Bedouins to fight effectively from atop their camels. With this new military advantage---they came to control the rich trade routes in incense running through Arabia. Camel nomads served as—the shock troops of Islamic expansion, providing many of the new religion’s earliest followers and much of the military force that carved out the Arab Empire. A major turning point and new role in Turkic history occurred—with their conversion to Islam between the 10th and 14th centuries. This extended process represented a major expansion of the faith and launched the Turks into a new role as the third major carrier of Islam, following the Arabs and the Persians. In the Seljuk Turkic Empire---of the 11th and 12th centuries, centered in Persia and present-day Iraq, Turkic rulers began to claim the Muslim title of sultan rather than kaghan. Although the Abbasid caliph remained the formal ruler, real power was exercised by Turkic sultans In Anatolia---formerly ruled by Christian Byzantium, they brought both Islam and a massive infusion of Turkic culture, language, and people, even as they created the Ottoman Empire, which by 1500 became one of the great powers of Eurasia.

Looking Back and Looking Around: The Long History of Pastoral Nomads

The World of Pastoral Societies

The Xiongnu: An Early Nomadic Empire

The Arabs and Turks

The Maasai of East Africa

Break-Out: The Mongol Empire

From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: The Rise of the Mongol Empire

Explaining the Mongol Moment

Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three Cases

China and the Mongols

Persia and the Mongols

Russia and the Mongols

The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network

Toward a World Economy

Diplomacy on a Eurasian Scale

Cultural Exchange in the Mongol Realm

The Plague: A Eurasian Pandemic

Chapter 12 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Movement, 1200–1500 Map 12.1 The Mongol Empire (p. 342) Map 12.2 Trade and Disease in the Fourteenth Century (p. 355) Spot Map 12.1 The Xiongnu Confederacy (p. 338) Spot Map 12.2 The Masai of East Africa (p. 340) Chinggis Khan at Prayer (p. 332) The Scythians (p. 336) The Masai (p. 341) A Mongol Warrior (p. 346) Marco Polo and Khubilai Khan (p. 349) Mongol Russia (p. 352) The Plague (p. 357)

Chapter 12: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Moment, 1200–1500 iClicker Questions

Comparison: Which of the following is NOT an attribute that pastoral societies generally exhibit in comparison to settled agricultural peoples? a. They generally offer women a lower status with no roles at all in public life. b. They are far more mobile. c. They live in smaller more widely scattered groups. d. They rely more heavily on their animals.

Change: Compared to earlier pastoral empires, in what way were the Mongols something new? a. Their goal was to extract resources from settled societies rather than conquer territory. b. They constructed highly mobile armies more based on the horse than any earlier pastoral empire. c. They had less of a cultural impact on the societies that they conquered compared to many other pastoral empires. d. Unlike other pastoral empires, their initial confederation was brought together by a charismatic leader.

Connection: Which of the following developments associated with pastoral societies did NOT strengthen connections between cultural regions of the Eastern Hemisphere? a. The emergence of the Islamic World b. The construction of the Mongol Empire c. The conquest of North India by Turkic peoples d. The conquest of equatorial West Africa by Berber tribesmen

Discussion Starter: Do you think that the modern image of Mongols a. is warranted given their history? b. is partially warranted given their history? c. is misleading because they were little different from other pastoralists in world history? d. is the product of the peoples that they conquered writing their history?

Discussion Starter: For you, which of the following was the most important contribution of the Mongol Empire to world history? a. They constructed the largest Eurasian empire to date. b. They destroyed a series of well-established empires. c. They fostered trade, the spread of disease, and the exchange of crops and technology across Eurasia. d. The disruption of trade caused by the collapse of their empire provided an important incentive for Europeans to take to the seas in an effort to secure sought-after Asian goods.

Discussion Starter: Regarded as a whole, was the Mongol impact on world history more positive or negative? a. The Mongol impact on world history was more positive than negative. b. The Mongol impact on world history was more negative than positive.

Answer is A Answer is C Answer is D Answer Key for Chapter 12 Answer is A Answer is C Answer is D