1. From the Mongol Empire to Columbus: The Early Origins of Globalization
Summer Week 2 Lecture

2. Inner-Asia ( C.E.)
Created a dual state with Khitan and Chinese areas
North was Khitan
They use Chinese military technology in the conquest

3. China (800-1400 C.E.) Song Dynasty (960-1279 C.E.)
Founded by Zhou Kuangyin in 960
Attempt to solve the Khitan problem in the 12th century by aligning with Jurchens

4. Breakout: The Mongol Empire
From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: the rise of the Mongol Empire
Temujin’s rise
Father was a minor chieftain, but was murdered before Temujin turned ten
Temujin’s mother held family together after they were deserted by the clan
Won a reputation as a great leader

5. Breakout: The Mongol Empire
From Temujin to Chinggis Khan (con’t)
Chinggis Khan then began expansion to hold his followers together
Setbacks marked outer limits of Mongol Empire
Difficulty penetrating jungles of Southeast Asia

6. The Mongols (1200-1400 C.E.) Conquests
Under Chinggis (ca ) response was to move outward
Resulted in the creating of the largest-ever empire in world history
Reconfigures society as a military organization

7. Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment

8. Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t)
Mongol success was due to their well-led, organized, and disciplined army
Military unites of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 warriors

9. Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t)
Mongol success (con’t)
Vast numbers of conquered peoples were incorporated into the army

10. Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t)
Kingdom of Khwarizm murdered Mongol envoys

11. Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t)
Ability to mobilize resources
Centralized bureaucracy began
Practiced religious toleration

12. Encountering the Mongols: China
China and the Mongols
Began in northern China (ruled by dynasties of nomadic origin), was vastly destructive
Conquest of southern China (ruled by Song dynasty) was far less violent

13. Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three Cases
China and the Mongols (con’t)
Khubilai Khan (r C.E.) had a set of ancestral tablets made

14. The Mongols ( C.E.)
The death of Chinggis created internal divisions but did not halt conquest
Under Khubilai (r ) Mongols completed the conquest of China

15. Breakout: The Mongol Empire
Total Mongol population was only about ¾ million

16. Breakout: The Mongol Empire
The Mongols (con’t)
Did not have major cultural impact on the world

17. The Mongols (1200-1400 C.E.) Subject Population
Different regions had different forms of government

18. From the Mongols to the Ming
Naval expeditions
Extended presence of Ming Dynasty
Regional Exploration

19. Technological Advancements

20. European Discovery and Expansion
Overseas conquest and exploration
Expansion began with the Viking voyages across the Atlantic (9th-10th centuries)

21. Portugal (con’t) Prince Henry the Navigator (1349- 1460)
Begins Portuguese Empire
Strait of Gibraltar
School of Cartography
Claims Azores Islands
Cape Bojador
The edge of the world?

22. Portugal
Vasco da Gama ( )
Goa

23. Portugal
Ferdinand Magellan ( )
Philippines

24. Technological Stimuli
Technology played a pivotal role in expansion
Combined these contribute to European maritime success and eventual supremacy

25. The Explorer’s Motivations
Religion
Economics
Rivalry
Spain; Ferdinand and Isabella; Columbus

26. Motivations (con’t) Intellectual curiosity about physical universe
Christopher Columbus

27. ‘Discovering’ N. and S. America
Amerigo Vespucci ( )
Right after Columbus
Not just islands
Maps parts of the coasts

28. ‘Discovering’ N. and S. America (con’t)
Christopher Columbus ( )
Italian sailing for Spain
Many Voyages …
1498

29. Columbus (con’t)

30. Global Trade Networks
The Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch established successive commercial empires
The Europeans paid in silver and gold

31. The Impact of Contact Columbian Exchange Agricultural revolution
New foods = healthier diets = population growth

32. Columbian Exchange (con’t)
Goods (etc) exchanged between Eastern and Western Hemisphere

33. Things to think about …
Wheat
Cattle
And much more …
Narcotics/Drugs

34. Adverse Consequences of Exchange
Wealth
Disease
The Results?