CHAPTER 12 TEST REVIEW DNA, Protein Synthesis and Viruses

#2 Which Scientist(s)? HINT 1: worked on finding DNA structure HINT 2: stole the Photo 51 HINT 3: also got Nobel Prize ANSWER: Maurice (the beast) Wilkins (G)

#2 Which Scientist(s)? HINT 1: worked on finding DNA structure HINT 2: used x-ray crystallography Photo 51 HINT 3: a woman ANSWER: Rosalind Franklin (A)

#2 Which Scientist(s)? HINT 1: worked on finding DNA structure HINT 2: first put bases on outside instead of inside HINT 3: won Nobel prize for finding DNA structure ANSWER: Watson and Crick (E)

#2 Which Scientist(s)? HINT 1: Found DNA to be the genetic material HINT 2: used bacteriophages HINT 3:used “hot” sulfur and phosphorus ANSWER: Hershey and Chase (C)

#2 Which scientist(s)? HINT 1: found DNA was genetic material HINT 2: separated bacteria into: carbos, DNA, protein, RNA by a centrifuge HINT 3: bald ANSWER: Avery (H)

#3 Name ways RNA is different from DNA: 1. RNA = Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose in DNA 2. DNA A-T C-G RNA A-U C-G 3. RNA= Single stranded instead of Double in DNA 4. RNA can go in and out of nucleus, DNA must stay in nucleus 5. DNA can repair itself, RNA cannot

What three parts of DNA make up one nucleotide? ANSWER: –sugar –Phosphate –Nitrogenous base (remember the song)

EXTRA: What is the complementary side of this DNA strand? (DNA – DNA) G - A - T - T - G - A - C - C - T - C - G – G ANSWER: C - T - A - A - C - T - G - G - A - G - C- C

What is the complementary mRNA strand? (DNA – mRNA) G - A - T - T - G - A - C - C - T - C - G – G ANSWER: C - U - A - A - C - U - G - G - A - G - C- C

#4 Identify the DNA parts: A B C D E

#4 Identify the DNA parts A PHOSPHATE B Deoxyribose Sugar C Nitrogenous Bases (A-T-C-G) D Hydrogen Bond Nucleotide = sugar, phosphate, base Covalent bond

#5 Which process? Does DNA copy itself? ANSWER: Replication (A) Is the movement of tRNA from A to P site on the ribosome? ANSWER: Translocation (B)

#5 Which process? Codes DNA to mRNA? ANSWER? Transcription (C) Codes mRNA to tRNA and protein? ANSWER: Translation (D)

#5 What happens at the P and A sites of a ribosome during translation? A = amino acid is dropped off P = polypeptide builds Process is translocation (B)

#6 Which enzyme? Unwinds DNA from its spiral ANSWER: Topoisomerase (B)

#6 Which enzyme? Separates the 2 DNA strands (breaks H bonds for replication) ANSWER: Helicase (D)

#6 Which enzyme? Adds nucleotides to DNA for elongation and also for proofreading ANSWER: DNA polymerase (C)

#6 Which enzyme? Binds Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand ANSWER: Ligase (A)

#6 Which enzyme? Adds RNA nucleotide primers ANSWER: Primase (E)

#6 Which enzyme? Makes RNA’s ANSWER: RNA polymerase (G)

#7 Which is a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations? A. mutagen B. mutagenesis C. mutation D. reading frame ANSWER: A mutagen

#7 Which is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA? A. Mutagenesis B. mutation C. mutagen D. reading frame ANSWER: B mutation Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Uncontrolled HPV infections result in the growth of scaly macules and papules

Tree Man Pictures Before and After Images : Tree Man : Discovery HealthBefore and After Images : Tree Man : Discovery Health

#7 Which is the triplet grouping (a mutation can alter it to shift) A. mutation B. mutagenesis C. mutagen D. reading frame ANSWER: D reading frame

ADD What is a HOX gene? They produce genes that share those that control: (WHICH) A. eye development B. Cancer C. Body plan D. hair development

ADD What is a HOX gene? They produce genes that share Body plan control C

#8 What are some examples of mutagens? X-rays UV Rays pesticides cigarettes

#9 What is polyploidy? N 2N 4N

#9 What is polyploidy? multiple sets of chromosomes EX: 4N, 5N Usually beneficial for plants

#10 Operon (group of genes working together) Promoter (start)– latches on to the beginning enzyme Operator (controller)– attaches on to repressor, can stop or allow the protein production Repressor (brake)– binds to operator to stop production

#10 Operon VCAC: Molecular Processes: Lac Operon: The Movie The lac Operon HERE Lac Operon Animation (no sound)Lac Operon Animation

ALSO: What is NOT part of an operon? Operator Terminator Promoter Repressor ANSWER: terminator

#11 What amino acid is mRNA codon: UGU AAC UAC CGU GGG CAC UGG

11. What amino acid is mRNA codon: Cyst–Aspar –Tyros–Arg–Glyc-Hist-Trypt

#12 What codon is the START CODON?

12. What amino acid is START codon: AUG

#12 What are the three STOP CODONS? ANSWER? UAA, UAG, UGA (you could also figure this out by looking at the chart)

What amino acid is mRNA codon: UGG tryptophan

# 12 How many? Different amino acids are there? ANSWER: 20

#13 How many subunits make up a ribosome? A. one B. two C. Three D. Four

Made of rRNA (ribosomal) + protein

#14 What are the 3 bases? A. Codon B. Anticodon C. Triplet

#14 What are the 3 bases? A. Codon B. Anticodon C. Triplet For mRNA For tRNA For DNA

What does a tRNA carry? A. codon B. triplet C. amino acid D. ribosome ANSWER: amino acid

#15 Match: Introns Exons Are cut and discarded from the primary mRNA Leave the nucleus to be coded with tRNA

15. What will the mature mRNA look like?

What will the mRNA look like? 123 HINT: introns discarded exons kept and coded = mature mRNA Just exons

#15 What’s the difference? Between Primary mRNA and mature mRNA? Primary mRNA = introns + exons Mature mRNA = only exons

#16 What are the 3 types of RNA? a) tRNA (transfer RNA-brings amino acids) b) mRNA (messenger RNA-codes from DNA), and c) rRNA (ribosomal RNA-structural part of ribosome)

#16 Matching CHOICES: tRNA mRNA r RNA Structural form of ribosome Codes DNA to mRNA Brings amino acids to ribosome

#16 Matching Structural form of ribosome rRNA Codes DNA to mRNA mRNA Brings amino acids to tRNA ribosome

#17 What are the structures? (See worksheet)

#18 What type of mutation is this? ORIGINAL: AACGTAGG MUTATION: AAACGTAGG ANSWER: insertion (A)

#18 What type of mutation is this? ORIGINAL: AACGTAGG MUTATION: AACGAGG ANSWER: Deletion (T)

#18 What type of mutation is this? ORIGINAL: AACGTAGG MUTATION: AACGGGAT ANSWER: Inversion (TAGG flipped)

#18 What type of mutation is this? ORIGINAL 2 chromosomes AACGTAGG ATCGGGTCGGA MUTATION: AACGTATCGGG TCGGAAGG ANSWER: Translocation (two nonhomologous chromosomes exchanged)

COOL!

ADD: A lysogenic infection: A. joins with the host DNA B. infects the host, but does not join the host DNA ANSWER: A Lytic infection infects the host, but does not join the host DNA