1. DNA and Protein Synthesis review

2. Griffith’s Experiment
1) What happened to mice injected with the S strain?
2) What happened to mice injected with the R strain?

3. 3) What happens to the mouse with the heat killed S strain
3) What happens to the mouse with the heat killed S strain? 4) What happens to the mice when injected heat killed S strain and R strain?

4. Why did the mice die in the 4th experiment
Why did the mice die in the 4th experiment? Transformation – the R strain took in genetic material from the heat killed S strain and it turned deadly

5. Viral experiment
What was attached to various parts of the virus? radioactive isotopes

7. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid What are the three parts to a nucleotide? 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

8. What are the rungs of the DNA ladder made of
What are the rungs of the DNA ladder made of? bases What are the 4 bases and which ones go together? A goes with T G goes with C

9. What is the shape of DNA? double helix

10. What are the sides of the DNA ladder
What are the sides of the DNA ladder? backbones What makes up the backbones? sugar and phosphate

11. The backbones go in opposite direction. What is that called
The backbones go in opposite direction. What is that called? antiparallel

12. DNA replication Why must DNA replicate
DNA replication Why must DNA replicate? So each cell gets a copy of DNA during division. Are the copies the same? Yes [and are the same as the parent]

13. What is the two types of strands are made during replication
What is the two types of strands are made during replication? lagging and leading strand (leading is put together continuously and lagging is discontinuous)

14. What are the sections created on the lagging strand
What are the sections created on the lagging strand? OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS What joins those segments together? DNA LIGASE

15. RNA
DNA has coded instruction on how to make _________________? proteins

16. RNA
What is RNA?
The messenger from DNA to the ribosomes to make proteins.

17. RNA
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? 1) The sugar is a ribose instead of deoxyribose. 2) RNA is single-stranded (one backbone) 3) RNA contains a U instead of a T.

18. Protein Synthesis
What is transcription? making mRNA from DNA What is mRNA carries copies of instructions from DNA

19. Protein Synthesis
What adds RNA nucleotides to the exposed bases during transcription? RNA polymerase

20. Protein Synthesis
What is left in for the final mRNA to be made? exons

21. Protein Synthesis
What is the sequence of 3 bases on mRNA called? codon

22. Protein Synthesis
What does the mRNA join to begin making proteins? ribosomes

23. Protein Synthesis and Translation
What is translation? making protein decoding the mRNA message What joins to the mRNA at the ribosome? tRNA

24. Protein Synthesis and Translation
What on the tRNA joins to the mRNA? anticodon What does the tRNA bring to the ribosome? amino acids

25. Protein Synthesis and Translation
What does long chains of amino acids create? proteins

26. Why is DNA universal? all the bases are the same in every living things

27. What are heritable changes in genetic information
What are heritable changes in genetic information? mutations These are changes in one or a few nucleotides? gene mutations These occur at a single point in the DNA sequence? point mutations (due to a substitution) These mutations can shift the reading frame which changes the amino acid? frameshift mutations (due to a insertion or deletion)

28. These are changes in the number or structure of entire chromosomes
These are changes in the number or structure of entire chromosomes? chromosomal mutations (which include deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation)

29. These are chemical or physical agents in the environment causing mutations? mutagens What are some results of mutagens? cancer, genetic disorders, or a compromised fetus What are some examples of mutagens? pesticides, tobacco, pollutants, gamma rays, X rays, UV light

30. What are some beneficial effects of mutations
What are some beneficial effects of mutations? insects and weeds resisting pesticides bacteria resisting antibiotics humans adding bone strength and density

31. This is a condition in which plants have extra sets of chromosomes
This is a condition in which plants have extra sets of chromosomes. The plant is larger and stronger. polyploidy