Enlightenment and the Great Awakening
The Enlightenment Overall Using reason and logic to explain the world and advance society Started with European elite (upper class and nobility) in the mid-17 th Century Isaac Newton, John Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu Encyclop é die (1751) and the “Republic of Letters”
The American Enlightenment The European Enlightenment expanded into the colonies Colonial wealth, colleges, books, immigration Compulsory education in New England Harvard, William & Mary, Yale Practicality Mostly confined to the elites!
American Enlightened Thinkers and Concepts Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard's Almanack Lending Libraries Practical inventions Thomas Jefferson Classicist and Republicanism Thomas Paine Author & Inventor Common Sense Age of Reason Deism Liberalism & Republicanism
The Great Awakening An 18 th Century Revivalist Evangelical Protestant Movement in the colonies ( ) Focused on emotional conversion First shared event in the American colonies (nationalism?) Developed in part from the wide mix of Protestant religions in the colonies Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” Jonathan Edwards (1741) “O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder; and you have... nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you one moment.” “... All you that never passed under a great change of heart, by the mighty power of the Spirit of God upon your souls; all you that were never born again... are in the hands of an angry God...” “... All you that never passed under a great change of heart, by the mighty power of the Spirit of God upon your souls; all you that were never born again... are in the hands of an angry God...”
Ben on George Whitefield “I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of which I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved he should get nothing from me. I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars and five... gold [coins]. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers. Another stroke of his oratory made me ashamed of that, and determined me to give the silver; and he finished so admirably, that I empty'd my pocket wholly into the collector's dish, gold and all.” Benjamin Franklin, 1742
Impact of the Great Awakening Effected all colonists in all colonies (1 st shared experience) Friction between the “New Lights” and “Old Lights” New ministers, new colleges (Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Columbia, etc.) Characteristic of an American culture Inherently democratic movement At odds with the Enlightenment?
18 th Century Colonial Demographics Colonial Population 1720 – 472,000 1760 – 1.6 million Immigration Germans Scots-Irish Africans Georgia Imported 200,000 from 1720 – 1780 1760 – 40% of Southern colonies African culture Native Americans “Settlement Indians” Relocation west
American Colonies in European Wars
The British Empire The American Colonies were part of the British Empire and were expected to fight and defend its interests England became involved in several wars throughout the 18 th Century in which the colonies played a part Colonial role in funding the wars?
Early Skirmishes War of Jenkins' Ear – Georgia & Spanish Florida King George's War – War of Austrian Succession England v. France New England Impressment in Navy
French and Indian War Global war mainly between Britain and France 7 Years' War French/Indian allies against the English Colonies (w/ some Indian allies) Large scale fighting across the globe Ended in complete British victory
George Washington Begins his Career
A Little Rain
The French Arrive
Washington Retreats, War Begins Albany Plan – Ben Franklin. Unite the colonies in common defense. Intercolonial government. Did not pass. Frontier fighting William Pitt enlisted colonists Seized Montreal, Canada Treaty of Paris British victory France lost ALL territory in North America West of Mississippi River given to Spain Spain gives Florida to Britain Canada Good will and celebration... it doesn't last
The Aftereffects of the War Moving Forward... Colonists began to feel part of the British Empire after being pivotal to English affairs Still, no intercolonial trade. Goods were shipped to England Multicultural territory Colonial elected assemblies allowed more voting privileges than in England Meanwhile Britain wanted to “rein in” the colonies and needed to repay the huge debt accrued during the 18 th Century wars