Articulations and body movements

Types of joints Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Sutures Syndesmoses Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Plane (gliding) Hinge Pivot Condylooid Saddle Ball and socket

1. Fibrous joints Characteristics Types Joined by fibrous tissue. No joint cavity. Seldom movement. Types Sutures Interlocked by connective tissues and irregular edges between bones (skull). Syndesmoses Articulated bones connected by ligaments and bones that do not interlock. (Fibula and Tibia) Gomphosis: tooth secured by periodontal ligament.

Fibula Tibia Ligament Dense fibrous connective tissue (a) Suture Fibrous joints Fibula Tibia Ligament Dense fibrous connective tissue (a) Suture Suture line (b) Syndesmosis

2. Cartilaginous joints Characteristic Articulating bone ends are connected by a plate of cartilage. Types Sympheses (growing together): connected by a flat disc of fibrous cartilage (intervertebral joints and pubic syphesis). Synchondroses: Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (ribs-sternum or epiphyseal plates).

Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) Cartilaginous joints Synchondroses Sternum (manubrium) Epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) (a) (b) Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Body of vertebra (c) Symphyses

3. Synovial joints Characteristics Articulating bones are separated in a cavity containing synovial fluid. Uniaxial or multiaxial movement. Joint surfaces are enclosed in a 2 layered articular capsule (connective tissue). Inner layer: synovial membrane (smooth) Articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the bone surfaces. Articular capsule may be reinforced with ligaments containing abursae (fluid filled sacs to reduce friction). Fibrocartilage may be present in the capsule.

General structure of a synovial joint Periosteum Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous capsule Articular capsule Synovial membrane (b) (a)

Friction-reducing structures: Bursae and tendon sheaths Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Acromion of scapula Coracoacromial ligament Cavity in bursa containing synovial fluid Subacromial bursa Glenoid cavity containing synovial fluid Fibrous articular capsule Hyaline cartilage Tendon sheath (b) Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Humerus (a)

Types of synovial joints Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball and socket

Movements

Some Synovial joints Knee joint Hip joint Temporomandibular joint Joint disorders Sprains Dislocation

Posterior cruciate ligament Tendon of quadriceps femoris Fibular Knee joint Posterior cruciate ligament Tendon of quadriceps femoris Fibular collateral ligament Medial condyle Suprapatellar bursa Femur Tibial collateral ligament Articular capsule Lateral condyle of femur Patella Posterior cruciate ligament Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Infrapatellar fat pad Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia Deep infrapatellar bursa Tibia Patellar ligament Patellar ligament Fibula Patella (a) Quadriceps tendon (b)

Iliofemoral ligament Iliofemoral ligament Anterior inferior The hip joint Iliofemoral ligament Iliofemoral ligament Anterior inferior iliac spine Ischiofemoral ligament Ischium Pubofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Greater trochanter of femur (c) (d)

The temporomandibular (jaw) joint Articular disc Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Articular tubercle Zygomatic process Superior joint cavity Infratemporal fossa Mandibular fossa Articular capsule External acoustic meatus Lateral ligament Articular capsule Synovial membranes Neck of mandible (a) Mandibular condyle Inferior joint cavity Neck of mandible (b) (c) Laterial excursion

Articular capsule Synovial membrane Humerus Synovial cavity The elbow joint Articular capsule Synovial membrane Humerus Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Fat pad Coronoid process Tendon of triceps muscle Tendon of biceps muscle Ulna Bursa Trochlea Articular cartilage of the trochlear notch (a)

Humerus Anular ligament Radius Lateral epicondyle Articular capsule The elbow joint Humerus Anular ligament Radius Lateral epicondyle Articular capsule Radial collateral ligament Olecranon process Ulna (b)

Lateral Patella (outline) Hockey puck Medial Tibial collateral A common knee injury Lateral Patella (outline) Hockey puck Medial Tibial collateral ligament (torn) Medial meniscus (torn) Anterior cruciate ligament (torn)

Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Femur Articular Knee joint Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Femur Articular capsule Patella Posterior cruciate ligament Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Lateral meniscus Infrapatellar fat pad Anterior cruciate ligament Deep infrapatellar bursa Tibia Patellar ligament (a)

Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular collateral Medial ligament condyle Knee joint Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular collateral ligament Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Lateral condyle of femur Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Tibia Patellar ligament Patella Fibula Quadriceps tendon (b)

Quadriceps femoris muscle Medial femoral condyle Tendon of quadriceps Knee joint Quadriceps femoris muscle Medial femoral condyle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle Patella Medial patellar retinaculum Lateral patellar retinaculum Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament (d) Patellar ligament Fibula Tibia (c)

Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Knee joint Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Medial patellar retinaculum Lateral patellar retinaculum Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Patellar ligament Fibula Tibia (c)

Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Knee joint Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle (d)

Humerus Anular ligament Medial Articular epicondyle capsule Ulnar The elbow joint Humerus Anular ligament Medial epicondyle Articular capsule Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament Radius Coronoid process Ulna (c)

Articular capsule Anular Humerus ligament Coronoid process Medial The elbow joint Articular capsule Anular ligament Humerus Coronoid process Medial epicondyle Ulnar collateral ligament Radius Ulna (d)

Acromion Coracoacromial ligament Coracoid process Subacromial bursa The shoulder joint Acromion Coracoacromial ligament Coracoid process Subacromial bursa Coracohumeral ligament Articular capsule reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments Greater tubercle of humerus Transverse humeral ligament Subscapular bursa Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Scapula (a)

Acromion Coracoid process Articular capsule Glenoid cavity The shoulder joint Acromion Coracoid process Articular capsule Glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Glenohumeral ligaments Tendon of the subscapularis muscle (b) Scapula Posterior Anterior

Acromion (cut) Glenoid Head of cavity of humerus scapula Capsule of The shoulder joint Acromion (cut) Glenoid cavity of scapula Head of humerus Capsule of shoulder joint (opened) Muscle of rotator cuff (cut) (c)

Acetabular labrum Coxal (hip) bone Articular cartilage Ligament of the The hip joint Acetabular labrum Coxal (hip) bone Articular cartilage Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Synovial membrane Acetabular labrum Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Femur Head of femur Articular capsule (cut) Synovial cavity Articular capsule (b) (a)

The temporomandibular (jaw) joint Articular disc Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Articular tubercle Zygomatic process Superior joint cavity Infratemporal fossa Mandibular fossa Articular capsule External acoustic meatus Lateral ligament Articular capsule Synovial membranes Neck of mandible (a) Mandibular condyle Inferior joint cavity Neck of mandible (b) (c) Laterial excursion

The temporomandibular (jaw) joint Articular tubercle Zygomatic process Infratemporal fossa Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus Lateral ligament Articular capsule Neck of mandible (a)

The temporomandibular (jaw) joint Articular disc Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Superior joint cavity Articular capsule Synovial membranes Mandibular condyle Inferior joint cavity Neck of mandible (b)